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61.
In this article, we present an overview of the current circumstances of the trade of recyclable resources, i.e. end-of-life products, parts and materials, and recycled resources in Asian countries, indicating that pollution potential is spreading there due to the improper handling of those resources. Conversely, Japan’s domestic recycling activities are shown to be adversely affected by the increasing outflow of those resources on one hand and the sudden stagnation of trade on the other. Considering that cross-border resource circulation in Asia is unavoidable and desirable in certain conditions, we propose a feasible and sustainable transaction scheme of recyclable and recycled resources, exemplified by a project which was carried out by the city of Kitakyushu and the city of Tianjin. 相似文献
62.
R. Kiyoura H. Hayashi C. Nakamoto M. Munidasa 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):762-763
The present development in industry has greatly increased the consumption of fossil fuel all over the world. The sulfur present in these fuels on combustion impairs the atmosphere and has to be removed before or after combustion. Direct desulfurization is still in its initial stage of commercial application and is thought to be rather expensive. Most projects today are concerned with flue gas desulfurization and a few people have been successful in the pilot plant scale. Flue gas sulfur is usually recovered as sulfuric acid or ammonium sulfate. The Kiyoura-T.I.T. process employs a completely dry method to recover this sulfur as ammonium sulfate. However, the present trends in fertilizers show that there is a marked drop in the consumption of this type of fertilizer except for China and other Asian countries. Experiments were carried out to produce a high grade phosphatic fertilizer with a larger field of application. The authors were successful in rendering the phosphate in phosphate rock water soluble by reacting it with the sulfate radical of the ammonium sulfate. Ammonium acid sulfate was used in the experiments and the phosphate radical was determined by a colorimeter utilizing the ammonium molybdate method. The results showed a conversion and an extractability of 98%, when the molecular ratio of ammonium acid sulfate to the CaO in phosphate rock was in the vicinity of 1:1.4-1.5. The reaction time was 120-180 minutes. The extracted liquid was crystallized and put through X ray diffractometer experiments which showed that most of the crystals were ammonium phosphate containing about 15% N and 39% P2O5 on a dry basis. Thus, it is evident that this could be effectively applied in a commercial scale plant, recovering the flue gas sulfur as ammonium phosphate. The Kiyoura-T.I.T. process can be utilized to recover the flue gas sulfur either as the sulfate or as the phosphate. 相似文献
63.
64.
Xiaoping Hu Satoshi Osaki Miki Hayashi Mureo Kaku Susumu Katuen Hiroshi Kobayashi Fusako Kawai 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2008,16(2):103-108
We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax® products. 相似文献
65.
Qingrong Qian Motoi Machida Masami Aikawa Hideki Tatsumoto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):53-61
Activated carbons were prepared from cattle manure compost (CMC) by ZnCl2 activation with various ZnCl2/CMC mass ratios. Based on the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, mathematical models including the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation, the αs plot, and the Horvath-Kawazoe method were used to analyze the pore structural characteristics of the prepared activated carbons.
It was found that for carbons possessing both micro-and mesopores, the DR method provided a more accurate estimation than
the αs method for the extent of microporosity. The effect of the ZnCl2 impregnation ratio on the pore structure was discussed using the DR method. The results revealed that pore evolution involved
three distinct regions with increases in the amount of impregnated ZnCl2: raising the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.00 to 0.50 resulted in a 19-fold increase in micropore volume (Vme
D) but caused no change in the mesopore volume (Vme
D); increasing the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.50 to 1.00 led to an increment in Vmi
D of about 50% and in Vme
D of 170%; while raising the ratio from 1.50 to 2.50 caused a slight decrease in Vmi
D but a 200% increment in the value of Vme
D. 相似文献
66.
To suppress the coagulation of humic acid (HA) in aqueous solutions, HA was modified with hydrophilic amines, such as glucosamine or taurine. These amines were attached to carboxyl groups in HA via amide bond formation. The degree of modification (R(m)) was estimated to be 21-38%. Infrared spectra of the modified HAs were also consistent with the presence of amide bonds. Acid-base titration showed that the average acid-dissociation constant (pK(app)) of the HA samples was increased by the modification. The Ca(2+) binding capacity of HA decreased with an increase in R(m) value. Critical pH or Ca(2+) concentration, at which HA coagulation occurs, was increased as the result of the modification. These critical points for taurine-HA were higher than those for glucosamine-HA. This is mainly due to electrostatic repulsion by sulfonate groups in taurine. These results indicate that the coagulation of HA is suppressed by modifying the molecules with glucosamine or taurine. 相似文献
67.
Yasukatsu Maeda Atsuyoshi Nakayama Norioki Kawasaki Kazuko Hayashi Seiichi Aiba Noboru Yamamoto 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1996,4(4):225-233
Chain-extension reactions were carried out using titanium-iso-propoxide (TIP) as a catalyst for a series of polyesters or copolyesterethers with low molecular weights (M
n
=1500–10,000) synthesized by the ring-opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) with ethylene oxide (EO). The copolymers having aM
n
from 25,000 to 50,000 of different properties were obtained. Both the melting point (T
m
) and the fusion heat (H), which indicate the crystallinity of the copolymers, rose with an increase in SA content in the copolymers. Semitransparent films were prepared by compression molding of the copolymers. The biodegradation of the copolymer films was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis by lipases and by an aerobic gas evolution test in standard activated sludge. The hydrolyzability of these copolymers by three kinds of lipases was affected by their copolymer composition SA/EO, form, andM
n
. The copolyesterether (SA/EO=43/57,M
n
=48,900) was more easily biodegraded by standard activated sludge compared to the polyester (SA/EO=47/53,M
n
=36,300).Presented at the Pacifichem-95, December 17–22, 1995, Honolulu, Hawaii. 相似文献
68.
Masami Fujii Kikuo Oikawa Hiroko Saito Chikako Fukuhara Satomi Onosaka Keiichi Tanaka 《Chemosphere》1984,13(11):1207-1212
Potassium Bromate was administered orally to rats and its fate in the body was studied. The bromate was rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract and was partly excreted in the urine within two hours of administration. No bromate was detected in body organs or in the blood 24 hours after dosing. Excretion of bromate into the urine was proportional to the dose, except that at 2.5mg/kg or less no excretion was observed. The administration of bromate increased the bromide concentration in various organs and in urine. 相似文献
69.
Cannibalism in amphibian larvae may be suppressed among siblings in comparison to distant relatives or nonkin, even when a "cannibal" morph that can consume conspecifics shows adaptive advantages. Two experimental studies were undertaken to analyze factors which affect the frequency of cannibalism and the occurrence of the broad-headed "cannibal" morph in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus. The first experiment investigated whether or not the broad-headed "cannibal" morph is only induced after performing cannibalism. Because the broad-headed "cannibal" morph was observed in larval populations that showed no cannibalism, it was concluded that the "cannibal" morph could be induced without actual cannibalism. Second, possible factors affecting the occurrence of the broad-headed "cannibal" morph were analyzed with respect to the density of larvae, level of food supply, and kinship among larvae, alone or in combination. Appearance of the broad-headed "cannibal" morph was affected by interactive effects of density2kinship: although the morph was induced significantly more often at a higher density if the conspecifics were distantly or not related, it was strongly suppressed even at high density if larval kinship was very close or among siblings. In contrast, the frequency of cannibalism was independently affected by larval density, level of food supply, and kinship among larvae: it was significantly larger at high than at low larval densities, at low than at high food supply, and in mixed-sibling groups than in pure sibships. These results suggest that the "cannibal" morphs in H. retardatus are induced even without cannibalism at a high density of conspecifics in mixed-sibling groups, but the occurrence of this morph, which continuously consumes conspecifics, is suppressed among siblings. 相似文献
70.
Takahashi K Otsuki T Mase A Kawado T Kotani M Ami K Matsushima H Nishimura Y Miura Y Murakami S Maeda M Hayashi H Kumagai N Shirahama T Yoshimatsu M Morimoto K 《Environment international》2008,34(6):765-772
BACKGROUND: Against increasing environmental adverse effects on human health such as those associated with water and ground pollution, as well as out- and indoor air conditions, trials were conducted to support and promote human health by improving the indoor air atmosphere. This study was performed to estimate the effect of negatively-charged air conditions on human biological markers related to the psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune (PNEI) network. OBJECTIVES: After construction of negatively-charged experimental rooms (NCRs), healthy volunteers were admitted to these rooms and control rooms (CTRs) and various biological responses were analyzed. METHODS: NCRs were constructed using a fine charcoal coating and applying an electric voltage (72 V) between the backside of walls and the ground. Various biological markers were monitored that related to general conditions, autonomic nervous systems, stress markers, immunological parameters and blood flow. RESULTS: Regarding the indoor environment, only negatively-charged air resulted in the difference between the CTR and NCR groups. The well-controlled experimental model-room to examine the biological effects of negatively-charged air was therefore established. Among the various parameters, IL-2, IL-4, the mean RR interval of the heart rate, and blood viscosity differed significantly between the CTR and NCR groups. In addition, the following formula was used to detect NCR-biological responses: Biological Response Value (BRV)=0.498+0.0005 [salivary cortisol]+0.072 [IL-2]+0.003 [HRM-SD]-0.013 [blood viscosity]-0.009 [blood sugar]+0.017 [pulse rate]. CONCLUSIONS: Negatively-charged air conditions activated the immune system slightly, smoothened blood flow and stabilized the autonomic nervous system. Although this is the first report to analyze negatively-charged air conditions on human biological responses, the long-term effects should be analyzed for the general use of these artificial atmospheres. 相似文献