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排序方式: 共有117条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Jock W. Young Matt J. Lansdell Robert A. Campbell Scott P. Cooper Francis Juanes Michaela A. Guest 《Marine Biology》2010,157(11):2347-2368
We examined the feeding ecology and niche segregation of the ten most abundant fish species caught by longline operations
off eastern Australia between 1992 and 2006. Diets of 3,562 individuals were examined. Hook timer data were collected from
a further 328 fish to examine feeding behaviour in relation to depth and time of day. Prey biomass was significantly related
to predator species, predator length and year and latitude of capture. Although the fish examined fed on a mix of fish, squid
and crustacea, fish dominated the diet of all species except small albacore (Thunnus alalunga) which fed mainly on crustacea and large swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and albacore which fed mainly on squid. Cannibalism was observed in lancetfish (Alepisaurus spp.). Multidimensional scaling identified three species groups based on their diet composition. One group consisted of yellowfin
tuna (T. albacares), striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) and dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus); a second group consisted of bigeye tuna (T. obesus), swordfish and albacore; and a third consisted of southern bluefin tuna (T. maccoyii) and blue shark (Prionace glauca). Of note was the separation of mako shark (Isurus oxyrhynchus) and lancetfish from all other predators. Prey length generally increased with increasing predator length although even large
predators fed on a wide range of prey lengths including very small prey. Overall, differences in prey type and size, feeding
times and depths were noted across the range of species examined to the extent that predators with overlapping prey, either
in type or size, fed at different times of the diel period or at different depths. Taken together these data provide evidence
for feeding niche segregation across the range of oceanic top predators examined. 相似文献
72.
Debby Cotton Wendy Miller Jennie Winter Ian Bailey Stephen Sterling 《Local Environment》2016,21(7):883-897
Energy saving is becoming a rising priority as a response to climate change and fossil fuel depletion in recent years. However, despite energy-related behaviour change being an important part of many environmental education initiatives, “energy literacy” among citizens remains patchy in both the USA and the UK, with evidence of strong positive attitudes but less consistent knowledge. Whilst it is clear that increasing knowledge does not automatically produce behaviour changes, potential questions must be asked about the logic of focusing solely on behaviour without simultaneously exploring and enhancing understanding of energy issues. This research, undertaken at a higher education institution with a strong focus on sustainability, illustrates the potential risks of targeting behaviour change and individual action at the expense of increasing knowledge, or encouraging collaborative and democratic endeavours. Results from an online survey indicate widespread misconceptions about energy which may reduce the effectiveness of energy-saving behaviours, alongside variable levels of motivation and engagement with energy issues. Respondents report a strong belief in the efficacy of personal changes, yet uncertainty about their capacity to influence business and government alongside a persistent faith in science to provide solutions to energy issues. The paper concludes by reflecting on the challenges arising from these findings for understanding agency and effectiveness in energy relationships. 相似文献
73.
Nelson Howard P. Devenish-Nelson Eleanor S. Rusk Bonnie L. Geary Matt Lawrence Andrew J. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(5):1337-1342
Regional Environmental Change - Tropical dry forest (TDF) is globally one of the most threatened forest types. In the insular Caribbean, limited land area and high population pressure have resulted... 相似文献
74.
Sediment-dwelling macrofauna, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and abiotic parameters were monitored annually in benthic marine sediments from 1989-2007 in Port Valdez, a period of declining routine discharge of treated marine ballast water containing residual PAH from a major crude oil loading facility. The resulting dataset was used to evaluate associations between macrofauna and environmental characteristics including PAH concentrations. The influences of natural abiotic gradients on macrofauna were stronger than associations between macrofauna and sediment PAH. Though overall associations of PAH with macrofaunal community structure were weak, effects were greater for the tube-dwelling polychaete worms Galathowenia oculata and Melinna cristata which responded negatively to low PAH values near sediment quality criteria (threshold effects concentration: TEC and field-based sediment quality criterion: fb-SQG: ~300 ng g(?-1)). Effects of PAH on benthic fauna may be strongest through poor survival of juveniles and failed recruitment over multiple years. Comparison of measured PAH concentrations to the TEC and field-based fb-SQG suggest that the observed levels of change in Port Valdez are minor and the criteria are ecologically appropriate for environmental monitoring. By demonstrating positive responses of sensitive fauna to reduction of PAH concentration, this study contributes to understanding the temporal change, ecological importance, and size of effects expected on benthic fauna in the presence of continuous exposure to low levels of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
75.
Dimitrios Zekkos Mohammad Kabalan Sita Marie Syal Matt Hambright Andhika Sahadewa 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(6):1442-1450
A field and laboratory geotechnical characterization study of a Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash disposed of at the Carleton Farms monofill in Michigan was performed. Field characterization consisted of field observations, collection of four bulk samples and performance of shear wave velocity measurements at two locations. Laboratory characterization consisted of basic geotechnical characterization, i.e., grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, specific gravity tests, compaction tests as well as moisture and organic content assessment followed by direct shear and triaxial shear testing. The test results of this investigation are compared to results in the literature. The grain size distribution of the samples was found to be very similar and consistent with the grain size distribution data available in the literature, but the compaction characteristics were found to vary significantly. Specific gravities were also lower than specific gravities of silicic soils. Shear strengths were higher than typically reported for sandy soils, even for MSWI ash specimens at a loose state. Strain rate was not found to impact the shear resistance. Significant differences in triaxial shear were observed between a dry and a saturated specimen not only in terms of peak shear resistance, but also in terms of stress–strain response. In situ shear wave velocities ranged from 500 to 800 m/s at a depth of about 8 m, to 1100–1200 m/s at a depth of 50 m. These high shear wave velocities are consistent with field observations indicating the formation of cemented blocks of ash with time, but this “ageing” process in MSWI ash is still not well understood and additional research is needed. An improved understanding of the long-term behavior of MSWI ash, including the effects of moisture and ash chemical composition on the ageing process, as well as the leaching characteristics of the material, may promote unbound utilization of the ash in civil infrastructure. 相似文献
76.
77.
上海市城区典型道路行驶特征研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
对上海市城区快速干道、主干道和次于道等3种典型道路上的机动车行驶特征和交通状况进行试验和调查,得出了上海市城区各类道路上机动车行驶特征参数和交通密度。结果显示,上海市城区各类道路综合行驶特征为平均速度低,加减速频繁。其中又以主干道交通状况最差。文中的数据和结论不仅可以用于上海城市交通规划,而且对控制道路两旁机动车污染具有重要意义。 相似文献
78.
Matt Fortnam Molly Atkins Katrina Brown Tomas Chaigneau Ankje Frouws Kemyline Gwaro Mark Huxham James Kairo Amon Kimeli Bernard Kirui Katy Sheen 《Ambio》2021,50(1):174
The 2015–2016 El Niño had large impacts globally. The effects were not as great as anticipated in Kenya, however, leading some commentators to call it a ‘non-event’. Our study uses a novel combination of participatory Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis tools, and new and existing social and biophysical data, to analyse vulnerability to, and the multidimensional impacts of, the 2015–2016 El Niño episode in southern coastal Kenya. Using a social-ecological systems lens and a unique dataset, our study reveals impacts overlooked by conventional analysis. We show how El Niño stressors interact with and amplify existing vulnerabilities to differentially impact local ecosystems and people. The policy significance of this finding is that the development of specific national capacities to deal with El Niño events is insufficient; it will be necessary to also address local vulnerabilities to everyday and recurrent stressors and shocks to build resilience to the effects of El Niño and other extremes in climate and weather.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01321-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
79.
Matt W. Hayward Alex Callen Benjamin L. Allen Guy Ballard Femke Broekhuis Cassandra Bugir Rohan H. Clarke John Clulow Simon Clulow Jennifer C. Daltry Harriet T. Davies-Mostert Peter J. S. Fleming Andrea S. Griffin Lachlan G. Howell Graham I. H. Kerley Kaya Klop-Toker Sarah Legge Tom Major Ninon Meyer Robert A. Montgomery Katherine Moseby Daniel M. Parker Stéphanie Périquet John Read Robert J. Scanlon Rebecca Seeto Craig Shuttleworth Michael J. Somers Cottrell T. Tamessar Katherine Tuft Rose Upton Marcia Valenzuela-Molina Adrian Wayne Ryan R. Witt Wolfgang Wüster 《Conservation biology》2019,33(4):760-768
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public. 相似文献
80.
Ninon F. V. Meyer Niko Balkenhol Trishna Dutta Maarten Hofman Jean-Yves Meyer Euan G. Ritchie Charlotte Alley Chad Beranek Cassandra K. Bugir Alex Callen Simon Clulow Michael V. Cove Kaya Klop-Toker Omar R. Lopez Michael Mahony Robert Scanlon Sandeep Sharma Elen Shute Rose Upton Emy Guilbault Andrea S. Griffin Edwin Hernández Pérez Lachlan G. Howell John-Paul King Dean Lenga Patrick O Donoghue Matt W. Hayward 《Conservation biology》2021,35(1):369-372