鲁班水库水体营养状态

四川三台鲁班水库属于大型湖库,多年来除具有特色景观作为旅游景点外,主要用于发展水产养殖业。随着时间的延续,养殖规模的不断扩大,湖库的自净能力越来越差,使有机物污染不断加重,水质越来越差,出现富营养化现象,对水环境造成了不利影响。近年来,为了改变湖库水环境质量,调整转化湖库功能,恢复水环境质量,加强了对其水质的监测,其中的营养状态指标是湖库水环境质量的主要评价指标。评价结果,除秋季和冬季个别月份外,其余各月均有测点达到轻度富营养化及中度富营养化。     

Tracking chlordane compositional and chiral profiles in soil and vegetation

The cycling of chlordane and other persistent organic pollutants through the environment must be comprehensively elucidated to assess adequately the human health risks posed from such contaminants. In this study the compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in the soil and vegetative compartments were investigated in order to provide details of the fate and transport of this persistent pesticide. Zucchini was planted in a greenhouse in three bays containing chlordane-contaminated soil. At harvest the vegetation and soil were extracted and analyzed for chlordane content using chiral gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Both achiral and chiral chlordane components were quantified. The chlordane concentration in the rhizosphere (soil attached to roots) was significantly less than that in the bulk soil. However, the enantiomeric ratio of the chiral components and overall component ratios had changed little in the rhizosphere relative to the bulk soil. Significant levels of chlordane were detected in the vegetation, the amount varying in different plant tissues from a maximum in roots to a minimum in fruit. In addition to the chlordane concentration gradient in plant tissues, significant shifts in compositional profile, as indicated by the component ratios, and in chiral profile, as indicated by the enantiomeric ratio, of the contaminant were observed in the plant tissues. The data indicate that abiotic processes dominate the transport of the chlordane components through the soil to the plant. This is the first report of the effect of rapid biotic processes within the plant compartment on chlordane compositional and chiral profiles.     

基于不完全信息博弈理论的地方煤矿安全监管的博弈分析

运用不完全信息重复博弈的基本理论和分析方法，建立了地方政府与煤矿企业的多阶段动态博弈模型。不完全信息的引入改变了完全信息博弈中地方政府会随着从煤矿生产中获益越大对其提供的庇护程度越大，而企业必然选择干扰的结论。一旦地方政府的这种合作行为出现，国家在安全监察方面的成本和难度将会大大减低。     

Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基优化及其对染料脱色作用

对出芽短梗霉无色素突变株Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基进行优化,并研究其分子量大小、热稳定性及对三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫的脱色作用.结果表明:蔗糖、NaNO_3为UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的最佳碳源和氮源,产酶优化培养基配方为:蔗糖66.5 g·L~(-1),NaNO_338.4 g·L~(-1),NaCl 1.08 g·L~(-1),酵母浸粉0.2 g·L~(-1),KH_2PO_41 g·L~(-1),pH=6.0.影响UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的因素依次为:起始pH蔗糖NaClNaNO_3,培养7 d时产生最大酶活(94.81 U·L~(-1)),比对照提高3.85倍.其分子量小于1000 D,具有良好的热稳定性,煮沸30 min后高温酶活仍残留72.50%.粗酶液(7.5 U·L~(-1))与三苯甲烷类代表性染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫75℃反应5 min后,脱色率分别为76.3%、77.5%,反应35 min后脱色率分别达到96.3%、95.3%.     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅰ.科技进步增产理论、模型及其应用

粮食增产趋势及增产原因是国家制定宏观农业政策和措施的依据。科技进步增产理论是指：气候是波动的,科技是持续进步的,它是粮食多年持续增产的主要驱动力;科技进步增产预测模型是多年平均单产移动的回归方程。全国和东北三省粮食增产潜力案例分析结果表明：科技进步单产加速时间最早的是辽宁省,最晚的是黑龙江省;与全国相比,吉林省和辽宁省科技进步贡献率高于全国平均水平,黑龙江省低于全国平均水平,吉林省最高。本文初步得出以下结论：科技进步增产理论科学、模型实用、预测结果准确。     

装修用板材的导热性能分析

导热系数是物体的重要物理指标,对四种板材的导热系数进行了测试,并对导热性能进行了分析。     

环境应急监测工作现状存在的问题及对策研究

近年来,各类突发性环境污染事故时有发生,造成生命、财产的巨大损失和生态系统的严重破坏,这一问题引起了世界各国的高度重视.由于突发性污染事故具有爆发的突然性.危害的严重性以及影响的广泛性和长期性等特点,采取切实有效的措施来预防这类事故的发生以及提高对事故处理处置应变能力,已经成为环境保护一项非常重要的工作,因此建立健全有效的环境应急监测系统,加强各级环境监测站应急监测能力建设,提高其应急监测能力,意义十分重大.环境应急监测对于防范突发性环境污染事故,在事前预防、事中监测、事后恢复的各个过程中起着极其重要的作用,环境应急监测已成为环境监测的重要组成部分.本文系统地分析了我国环境应急监测工作现状,针对实际工作中存在的问题,提出了解决对策.     

Plant uptake and translocation of air-borne chlordane and comparison with the soil-to-plant route

In order to assess fully the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on human health, pollutant exchange at the interface between terrestrial plants, in particular food crops, and other environmental compartments must be thoroughly understood. In this regard, transfers of multicomponent and chiral pollutants are particularly informative. In the present study, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was planted in containerized, uncontaminated soil under both greenhouse and field conditions and exposed to air-borne chlordane contamination at 14.0 and 0.20 ng/m(3) (average, greenhouses), and 2.2 ng/m(3) (average, field). Chiral gas chromatography interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer was used to determine the chiral (trans-chlordane, TC, and cis-chlordane, CC) and achiral (trans-nonachlor, TN) chlordane components in vegetation, air, and soil compartments. The chlordane components of interest were detected in all vegetation tissues examined--root, stem, leaves, and fruits. When compared with the data from a soil-to-plant uptake study, the compositional profile of the chlordane components, i.e. the component fractions of TC, CC, and TN, in plant tissues, showed significantly different patterns between the air-to-plant and soil-to-plant pathways. Changes in the enantiomer fractions of TC and CC in plant tissues relative to the source, i.e. air or soil, although observed, were not markedly different between the two routes. This report provides the first comprehensive comparison between two distinct plant uptake routes for POPs and their subsequent translocation within plant tissues.     

PCR-SSCP技术用于脱臭微生物群落结构的研究

采用PCR-SSCP(单链构象多态性)技术对脱臭生物滤池中填料生物膜微生物群落结构进行了研究.生物滤池对臭气中的污染物随驯化时间逐渐增强,去除率从50%升高到89%.对2种填料树皮和秸秆上生物膜的分析结果表明,滤池内微生物多样性随运行时间先降后升,从1.6～1.9上升到2以上;而2种填料上微生物的相似性逐渐增加,表明随着驯化进程,生物填料上的微生物能够利用臭气污染物进行生长,并随运行时间逐渐趋于丰富和稳定;树皮比秸秆具有较高的生物多样性,平均值分别为2.2和2.0,说明树皮上容易附着多种微生物生长,电镜照片也显示2种填料生物膜的增长和生物多样性的提高.SSCP条带测序结果表明生物滤池生物膜优势微生物种属为芽孢杆菌属,占33.3%;条带中不可培养细菌占44.4%;填料生物膜上的细菌绝大多数是广泛存在于土壤、水体及生物体中的微生物,它们对环境适应能力强,在臭气的污染物去除中扮演重要角色.     

基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的无线闭塞中心风险评估*

为客观地对无线闭塞中心进行风险评估,建立基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的评估模型,根据故障树分析法识别的风险因子构建评估指标体系,采用博弈论思想对直觉模糊层次分析法计算的主观权重和熵权法计算的客观权重进行最优组合,进而确定综合权重。运用物元理论和证据理论确定各指标的风险等级和系统整体风险等级,并通过实例分析对评估模型进行对比验证。结果表明:无线闭塞中心整体风险等级为“可容许的”,与实际情况相符。其中,系统外部通信故障的风险等级为“不期望的”,需要对其相关设备加强风险控制。