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141.
G. Jones N. Gonzalez-Flesca R.S. Sokhi T. McDonald M. Ma 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,52(1-2):107-121
The presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from traffic and other sources in urban areas is a cause for concern about public health. Canister, chemical derivatisation, particulate sampling and adsorption sampling techniques were used to measure VOC concentrations of a wide range of compounds (C6-C40) during a four day campaign in south London with subsequent laboratory analysis of the samples. Compounds quantified included alkanes, mono- and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Also the first sequential measurements of carbonyl compounds (C1-C8) in a UK urban area are presented. Results from canister and adsorption sampling methods are compared. A comparison of the results with other urban data is presented and the temporal variations in VOC concentrations were interpreted with reference to the prevalent wind speeds and directions. The CALINE4 line source dispersion model was generally successful in reproducing the daytime 12 hour average concentrations of selected VOCs. 相似文献
142.
A. Armstrong J. Holden P. Kay M. Foulger S. Gledhill A.T. McDonald A. Walker 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(11):3512-3519
In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in artificial drain-blocking in world peatlands. The UK blanket peatlands have been severely drained over the past few decades but now drains are being blocked in an attempt to improve peatland environments. The drain-blocking has been a disparate process with limited knowledge transfer between organisations and within organisations operating in different geographic areas. Consequently, there has been no compilation of techniques used and their effectiveness. During this study thirty-two drain-blocked sites were surveyed and all the key stakeholders interviewed. Drain-blocking using peat turf was preferred by practitioners and was also the most cost-effective method. Peat turves were successful except on steep slopes, in areas of severe erosion, in very wet or very dry locations, or if the mineral substrate was exposed. A drain-blocking best practice guide is offered by this paper, providing information on the most suitable methods for blocking peatland drains under different circumstances. Additional considerations are provided for practitioners to ensure peatland drain-blocking is as successful as possible. 相似文献
143.
Noreen McDonald Author Vitae Matthew Trowbridge Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(3):177-183
Problem
Motor vehicle crashes are the most common cause of death for American adolescents. However, the impact of where teens live on when they begin driving has not been studied.Method
Data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey were used to estimate the effect of residential density on the driver status of teens aged 16 to 19 years after matching on demographic characteristics.Results
Controlling for demographic characteristics, 16 and 17 year old teens in high density neighborhoods had driver rates 15 percentage points below teens living in less dense areas (p < 0.001). The effect for 18 and 19 year olds was a 9 percentage point decrease (p < 0.001).Summary
These results suggest teens living in less dense and more sprawling communities initiate driving at a younger age than comparable teens in compact areas, placing them at increased risk for crash related injuries. Impact on Industry: The role of environmental factors, such as neighborhood walkability and provision of transit, should be considered in young driver programs. 相似文献144.
Marine invertebrates are thought to accumulate 210Po primarily from their food. In this study, a pulse-chase methodology was used to examine the assimilation and depuration
of 210Po by Mytilus edulis from the common marine alga Isochrysis galbana. The digestion of 210Po from I. galbana occurred via a biphasic process, characteristic of a rapid (extracellular) and slow (intracellular) digestion typical of
marine bivalves. The mantle/gill and foot have no known digestive role, yet their 210Po specific activities increased after 24 h. It is proposed that this increase in 210Po specific activity was related to 210Po being incorporated into these tissues from 210Po assimilated from I. galbana during extracellular digestion. It is proposed that the linear loss of 210Po previously accumulated by control mussels was related to the continual state of renewal and replacement of cellular proteins,
with 210Po turnover and metabolism governed by protein turnover and metabolism. M. edulis' assimilation efficiency of 210Po from the 210Po-labelled alga was calculated to be 17.2 ± 2.1%, and thus similar to that of Ag, Cd, Co, Se and Zn by bivalves from other
marine algae species. It is proposed that the assimilation efficiency of 210Po is a function of protein assimilation.
Received: 27 August 1998 / Accepted: 3 September 1999 相似文献
145.
Michael E. McDonald 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,64(1):1-8
This paper summarizes the recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change convened in Costa Rica in 1998. Specifically, this paper also summarizes the adaptive management science issues and, in many cases, sectoral options. The Workshop, organized by Canada and Costa Rica, involved more than 200 experts and focused on adaptation science, adaptive management and adaptation options for climate variability and change. 相似文献
146.
147.
Sioned Haf Karen Parkhill Morag McDonald Gareth Griffiths 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(6):921-938
Community-owned energy projects are viewed as compelling contributors towards renewable energy targets. They contribute to curtailing the use of carbon intensive energy sources, consequently aiding mitigation of climate change, and can contribute towards a sustainable, localised economy. The success and expansion of the sector varies. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the development of the sector between sub-state nations. This qualitative, comparative study looks at the sector in the sub-state, devolved nations of Wales and Scotland within the UK. Through a series of in-depth interviews with community energy practitioners in four case study sites in Scotland and Wales, this study shows how policy and governance practices can influence the sector and those working at grassroots level. The study shows a disparity in confidence and outlook for the sector, based on the perceived (in)effective governance in each devolved nation. 相似文献
148.
James S. Fabiyi Armando G. McDonald David McIlroy 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(1):34-48
The effects of weathering on the constituents of wood and polymer matrix behavior in wood plastic composites (WPCs) were investigated.
WPCs were produced from pine, extractives-free pine, and pine holocellulose fibers (60%) together with HDPE (40%). These composites
were subjected to xenon-arc accelerated and outside weathering for a total of 1200 h and 120 days, respectively. The color
and chemical changes that occurred on the surface of the WPCs were analyzed using a set of analytical techniques. For pine
and extractive-free pine filled composites, the results showed that the total color change, lightness, and oxidation increased,
while the lignin content decreased. In addition, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) of extracted HDPE decreased with an increase in exposure time of the composites. However, HDPE crystallinity increased with
longer exposure time. Lightness of holocellulose-based WPC changed the least while the change in its HDPE crystallinity was
not significant compared to the other composite types. Therefore, holocellulose-based WPC may be preferred for applications
where color stability is of high priority. 相似文献
149.
Tosh DG McDonald RA Bearhop S Lllewellyn NR Fee S Sharp EA Barnett EA Shore RF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3106-3112
Ireland has a restricted small mammal prey guild but still includes species most likely to consume anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) baits. This may enhance secondary exposure of predators to ARs. We compared liver AR residues in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Ireland (NI) with those in foxes from Great Britain which has a more diverse prey guild but similar agricultural use of ARs. Liver ARs were detected in 84% of NI foxes, more than in a comparable sample of foxes from Scotland and similar to that of suspected AR poisoned animals from England and Wales. High exposure in NI foxes is probably due to greater predation of commensal rodents and non-target species most likely to take AR baits, and may also partly reflect greater exposure to highly persistent brodifacoum and flocoumafen. High exposure is likely to enhance risk and Ireland may be a sentinel for potential effects on predator populations. 相似文献
150.
The climate change literature emphasises the importance of geographical understanding for guiding adaptation, in which “place” perspectives are particularly significant. After “scale”, the term “place” within the climate change adaptation literature is most often implicitly used in reference to a delineated and localised region, such as place-based risk assessment or place-based adaptation planning. Here, we use a case study of the Australian island-state of Tasmania to demonstrate the importance and particularity of place in the formation of climate change adaptation issues, problem definition and framing, and the dynamics of knowledge and praxis development across a range of research and industry sectors. We describe the significance of the place Tasmania with regard to its geographical location; its portrayal as an island place; and its cultural meaning and relations. Through a synthesis of climate change adaptation research, policy literature and engagement with researchers and stakeholders, we identify three emergent thematic place characterisations of Tasmania. We find that these characterisations have contributed directly or indirectly to the: initiation and extent of research and practical activities; the framing of adaptation issues and perspectives on potential adaptation responses in different sectors including the marine biodiversity and resources sector, small business and human health sectors. Exposing these influences is essential for focusing future adaptation activities, including research, planning, investment and practice, in Tasmania and other locations where place is a central issue. 相似文献