Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Immuntherapie von Tumoren

Immunological treatment of malignant human tumors has so far met with little success. Based on methods and insights obtained by investigation of corresponding animal models, this article attempts to elucidate the reasons for this failure and to suggest ways and means to improve immunotherapeutic approaches to human neoplasms.     

Concentrations and specific loads of UV filters in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland

Many substances related to human activities end up in wastewater and accumulate in sewage sludge. The present study focuses on the analysis of widely used UV filters 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), octocrylene (OC) and octyl-triazone (OT) in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland. Mean concentrations in stabilised sludge from 14 wastewater treatment plants were 1780, 110, 4840 and 5510 microg/kg dry matter for 4-MBC, OMC, OC and OT, respectively. Specific loads in sewage sludge show that UV filters originate mainly from private households, but surface runoff and industries may be considered as additional sources. This indicates that besides use for sunscreens and cosmetics UV filters might occur in plastics and other materials and be released to the environment by volatilization or leaching. Differences between the modeled per capita loads of UV filters in sewage sludge and the observed specific loads in sewage sludge are probably due to erroneous figures of production volumes, degradation and sorption during wastewater treatment as well as degradation processes during transport in the sewer or sludge treatment. Thus, further research is needed to elucidate the fate of UV filters after application and release into the environment. Other compounds used as UV filters should be included in future studies.     

反应器理论在复合垂直流构建湿地水流流态研究中的应用

运用反应器理论研究了一种新型的复合垂直流构建湿地系统(IVCW)的水流流态,由示踪剂试验得到水流停留时间分布(RTD),从而确定了IVCW在水力负荷为200～800mm/d时,停留时间为19～35h,并由RTD曲线的特征值确定IVCW的水流流态介于理想推流与完全混合流之间,同时应用离散流模型,不仅较好地模拟了IVCW的实际水流流态,还得到了水流的Peclect准数在11～19之间.通过有植物与无植物系统的对照发现植物根系有利于IVCW的水流流态接近理想推流状态.     

An overdue alignment of risk and resilience? A conceptual contribution to community resilience

A systematic review of literature on community resilience measurement published between 2005 and 2014 revealed that the profound lack of clarity on risk and resilience is one of the main reasons why confusion about terms such as adaptive capacity, resilience, and vulnerability persists, despite the effort spared to operationalise these concepts. Resilience is measured in isolation in some cases, where a shock is perceived to arise external to the system of interest. Problematically, this contradicts the way in which the climate change and disaster communities perceive risk as manifesting itself endogenously as a function of exposure, hazard, and vulnerability. The common conceptualisation of resilience as predominantly positive is problematic as well when, in reality, many undesirable properties of a system are resilient. Consequently, this paper presents an integrative framework that highlights the interactions between risk drivers and coping, adaptive, and transformative capacities, providing an improved conceptual basis for resilience measurement.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and the human immune system: 4 studies on two Spanish families with increased body burdens of highly chlorinated PCDDs

The consequences of exposure of people to highly chlorinated polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are much less known than those of TCDD. We report on levels of PCDDs (and PCDFs) in 13 members of two families poisoned by contaminated cooking oil. Originally, all persons displayed chloracne as an early symptom. Persisting hexa- and higher chlorinated PCDDs could be analysed many years after exposure. Highest values found in blood lipids were: OCDD 660,000 pg/g; HpCDD 58,000 pg/g; HxCDDs: 3500 pg/g. None of the participants exhibited increased TCDD levels at the time of study. During a period of 6 years, HpCDD and OCDD disappeared from the blood lipids much faster in persons exposed as children or young adults, than from lipids of their parents. Surface receptors on blood lymphocytes of the members of the two families and the proliferative capacity of these blood cells in the presence of typical stimulants were analysed. Even in family members with the highest body burdens of hexa- to octachlorinated PCDDs we could not detect pronounced changes from a reference population with respect to the immunological markers. Minor deviations of levels of some receptors in a few, but not all, highly exposed persons suggested a similar trend to those reported in previous studies of persons with body burdens of > or =3000 pg TCDD/g blood lipids. An increase in the number of total blood lymphocytes in some subjects exposed as children may have similarity with highly TCDD-exposed children in Seveso.     

复合垂直流湿地反应动力学及水流流态的研究

 提出一种新型的复合垂直流湿地系统(IVCW),并对其反应动力学和系统的实际流态进行了研究.经过中试的运行试验,得到了系统对COD去除的反应速率方程,由示踪剂试验确定了系统中水流的停留时间分布(RTD),提出RTD的不同是湿地处理效率差异的主要原因,进而运用串联反应器模型和离散流模型两种非理想流态模型,模拟IVCW的实际水流流态,经过比较发现离散流模型模拟的效果较好.