微生物燃料电池构造研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)的研究在近几年获得了快速发展.产电微生物在厌氧条件下氧化底物释放电子和质子,电子通过导线传递给阴极,从而在外电路中形成电流,而质子通过质子交换膜进入阴极与电子和氧气结合生成水.微生物燃料电池的研究与应用开发涉及到从微生物、电化学到材料学和环境工程等科学领域的交叉,特别是废水处理能与微生物产电相结合的研究成果,使污水、污泥、垃圾等环境污染物的治理有可能成为生物质能源的生产过程,展示了微生物燃料电池的广泛应用前景.本文着重综述微生物燃料电池在构造上的进展,并介绍了其在水处理中的应用前景.图8参56     

西南地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

选择西南地区2000年、2010年、2020年3期土地利用遥感影像数据,利用土地利用动态度分析土地利用变化情况,并依据当量因子法对生态系统服务价值(ecosystem service value,ESV)开展评估.结果表明:西南地区土地利用以林地、耕地和草地为主,分别约占总面积的48％、28％、20％.人工表面、草地、...     

Apolipophorin III and transmission electron microscopy as toxicity indicators for harmaline and tea saponin in Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Apolipophorin III, traditionally known for lipid transport in insects is fairly established as toxicity indicator against harmaline and tea saponin during this study. Apolipophorin III expressed in the hemolymph and midgut tissues of 3rd, 4th, 5th larval instars and pupae of Spodoptera exigua. Apolipophorin III presence was further confirmed by achieving its partial cDNA (Genbank accession no. FJ606822) of 448 bp. qRT PCR revealed that tea saponin resulted in significant reduction of gene expression in 3rd and 4th larval instars but increased in 5th instar as compared to control. Harmaline caused gradual increase of gene expression in 3rd, 4th and 5th instars after feeding on the treated diet. Fifth instar larvae synonymously resulted in the highest gene expressions against both the biochemicals. After the injection of harmaline and tea saponin abrupt increase in gene expression of 4th, 5th larval instar and pupae was observed as compared to control treatment. Transmission electron microscopy of midgut epithelium after being fed with harmaline and tea saponin depicted certain cytological changes. Harmaline treatment lead to cytoplasm vacuolization, mitochondrial disruption, spherocrystals with concentric layers, irregular nucleus and floating nuclei in cytoplasm. Tea saponin treatment resulted in denser cytoplasm, higher intracellular osmotic concentration and reduced complement of apical microvilli. Cells were found to have only a few mitochondria and glycogen deposits in comparison to control treatment.     

长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略

长江流域涉及长江经济带发展和长三角一体化发展两大国家区域协调发展战略,但生态环境问题仍然是长江流域可持续发展面临的严峻挑战,加强长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略研究具有重大意义.长江流域的环境管理策略大致经历了以水量管理、污染物排放总量管理和水质目标管理三个阶段.在统一生态环境监管职能、实现五个“打通”的新形势下,长江流域生态环境管理策略必将由水质目标管理快速向生态系统可持续管理转变.在分析长江流域生态系统保护修复取得的积极进展和面临的严峻形势的基础上,提出了长江流域生态系统可持续管理策略:①规划和建设服务于应急预警和管理决策的长江生态系统观测网络,推动不同层级、不同职能部门、空天地一体化的多源数据融合,提高生态环境监测网络的数据时空精度和反应速度,开展水陆统筹、“山水林田湖草”生命共同体综合观测;②加强长江生态系统结构、过程、功能和服务的综合性、整体性研究,主要开展长江流域生态系统综合研究、重点区域生态系统研究和突出生态问题专题研究,不断创新科研与管理深度融合的科研模式,把论文写在祖国大地上;③制定长江社会-经济-自然复合生态系统保护修复可持续发展目标及分阶段分区域目标,促进水资源、水环境、水生态、陆域生态和水陆交错带的持续改善以及生态环境系统与社会经济系统的持续协同;④提出长江生态系统保护修复的整体性、综合性和针对性、差异化的解决方案,推动长江流域生态系统健康可持续发展目标的早日实现和重点区域、突出问题的尽快解决.      

Synergistic degradation of deca-BDE by an enrichment culture and zero-valent iron

Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) by microbe and by zero-valent iron (ZVI) has been reported previously. However, no study has indicated the presence of microorganisms and their effect on ZVI-mediated reduction of deca-BDE. Synergistic degradation of deca-BDE by an enrichment culture and ZVI was studied. It was found that synergistic effects enhanced the debromination of deca-BDE as well as promoting the reduction of lower brominated products. ZVI stimulated microbial debromination by serving as an electron donor. Correlation analysis also confirmed that ZVI was capable of enhancing microbial population in the debromination of deca-BDE. Conversely, the enrichment culture produced acid which maintained pH stability and stimulated the oxidation of ZVI. The enrichment culture supplied its energy requirements by the oxidation of ZVI and concomitant reduction of deca-BDE, but incapable of growth and reduction of BDE-209 without ZVI and vice versa. Compared to the initial culture, the microbial community of the enrichment culture became dominated by several bacterial genera based on the results of 16S rRNA-gene pyrosequencing.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附生活污水碳源的影响

为探索活性污泥中不同层胞外聚合物(SB-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS)对污泥吸附性能的影响,以培养污泥、污水厂污泥为研究对象,采用加热法分层提取EPS,研究不同层EPS对生活污水中COD的吸附特征,并采用Lagergern单层吸附动力学模型、Ritchie双层吸附模型和颗粒内扩散模型方程进行动力学数据分析.结果表明:两种污泥的原污泥、-SB污泥和培养-LB污泥与Lagergern单层吸附模型和Ritchie双层吸附模型的拟合效果均比较好,说明污泥吸附过程既存在单层的物理吸附过程,又存在多层的物理化学吸附过程.污泥从外层到内层,EPS含量逐步增加,蛋白质与多糖比值均为外层小于内层,但培养污泥LB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖比值大于TB-EPS.两种污泥单位SB-EPS的吸附量分别为0.650 mg·mg~(-1)、3.37 mg·mg~(-1),吸附速率比原污泥分别增加了0.0997 min-1、0.0390 min-1,因此,SB-EPS可吸附有机污染物,但吸附速率较小.两种污泥单位TB-EPS的吸附量分别为1.06 mg·mg~(-1)、0.443 mg·mg~(-1),吸附速率比原污泥分别增加了10.7 min-1、0.183 min-1,因此,TB-EPS结构紧密,导致吸附速率减慢,但其能很好地将吸附上的污染物保存在菌体细胞壁外而不被释放.而LB-EPS对污染物没有储存能力,只有快速传递污染物的能力.     

细菌偶氮还原研究进展

细菌偶氮还原是在细菌偶氮还原酶作用下偶氮复合物分解为芳香氨的过程,多种细菌都具有偶氮还原功能.有氧条件下细菌的偶氮还原是在特异性的偶氮还原酶作用下完成的,对氧气不敏感.而厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌的偶氮还原是在厌氧或兼性厌氧条件下由一些氧化还原中间体作为电子穿梭体与偶氮复合物作用的非特性的还原过程.电子穿梭体与偶氮复合物作用是一个纯化学氧化还原过程,其中偶氮复合物作为电子受体接受电子.厌氧偶氮还原是细菌偶氮还原的主要形式.偶氮还原在厌氧-好氧染料废水处理系统和偶氮水溶胶聚合物作为结肠靶向给药载体的研究中有重要应用.图2表1参45     

典型感潮内河涌水质污染特征调查研究

以佛山市容桂街道典型的感潮闸控内河涌为研究对象,进行了连续3个月的水文和水质监测,测试指标包括CODCr、BOD5、总氮、氨氮、总磷及溶解氧等.调查结果显示,内河涌水质总体状况及污染物的浓度随河涌水位发生规律性的变化,在涨落潮和人工闸控水位等不同水位条件下,监测指标的最高浓度是最低浓度的8.3～49.4倍;河涌水体总体...     

稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制与效益分析—以湖南为例

以湖南为例从分散蓄水与扩容蓄水、即时蓄水与重复蓄水、分级截流与设阻截流等角度,分析了稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制,得出湖南宜鱼稻田87.0万hm^2,以蓄水30cm计算可蓄存107.9亿m^3。通过重复蓄水、设阻蓄水,接纳多次降雨洪水,调节水分时空分布,创造减灾避灾的人工生态防灾系统,形成多物种共生共存的农田湿地生态系统,提高农田生态经济效益。     

Modified pretreatment method for total microbial DNA extraction from contaminated river sediment

Extraction of high-quality microbial DNA from contaminated environmental samples is an essential step in microbial ecological study. Based on previously published methods for soil and sediment samples, a modified pretreatment method was developed for extracting microbial DNA from heavily contaminated river sediment samples via selection of optimal pretreatment parameters (i.e., reagent solution, reaction duration, and temperature). The pretreatment procedure involves washing the river sediment sample for three times with a solution containing 0.1 mol·L^-1 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.1 mol·L^-1 Tris (pH 8.0), 1.5 mol·L^-1 NaCl, 0.1 mol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄, and Na₂HPO₄ at 65°C with 180 r·min^-1 for 15 min to remove humic materials and heavy metals prior to the employment of standard DNA extraction procedures. We compared the results of standard procedure DNA extraction following pretreatment, without pretreatment, and with using a commercial PowerSoil^TM DNA Isolation Kit. The results indicated that the pretreatment significantly improved the DNA quality based on DNA yield, DNA fragment length, and determination of prokaryotic diversity. Prokaryotic diversity exhibited in the DNA with the pretreatment was also considerably higher than that extracted with the PowerSoil^TM DNA Isolation Kit only. The pretreatment method worked well even with a small amount of sediment sample (0.25 g or even lower). The method provides a novel, simple, cost-effective tool for DNA extraction for microbial community analysis in environmental monitoring and remediation processes.