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261.
Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
David G. Streets Jiming Hao Ye Wu Jingkun Jiang Melissa Chan Hezhong Tian Xinbin Feng 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(40):7789-7806
An inventory of mercury emissions from anthropogenic activities in China is compiled for the year 1999 from official statistical data. We estimate that China's emissions were 536 (±236) t of total mercury. This value includes open biomass burning, but does not include natural sources or re-emission of previously deposited mercury. Approximately 45% of the Hg comes from non-ferrous metals smelting, 38% from coal combustion, and 17% from miscellaneous activities, of which battery and fluorescent lamp production and cement production are the largest. Emissions are heaviest in Liaoning and Guangdong Provinces, where extensive smelting occurs, and in Guizhou Province, where there is much small-scale combustion of high-Hg coal without emission control devices. Emissions are gridded at 30×30 min spatial resolution. We estimate that 56% of the Hg in China is released as Hg0, 32% as Hg2+, and 12% as Hgp. Particulate mercury emissions are high in China due to heavy burning of coal in residential and small industrial settings without PM controls. Emissions of Hg2+ from coal-fired power plants are high due to the absence of flue-gas desulfurization units, which tend to dissolve the soluble divalent mercury. Metals smelting operations favor the production of elemental mercury. Much of the Hg is released from small-scale activities in rather remote areas, and therefore the activity levels are quite uncertain. Also, emissions test data for Chinese sources are lacking, causing uncertainties in Hg emission factors and removal efficiencies. Overall, we calculate an uncertainty level of ±44% (95% confidence interval) in the estimate of total emissions. We recommend field testing of coal combustors and smelters in China to improve the accuracy of these estimates. 相似文献
262.
Melissa S. Gerald James Ayala Angelina Ruíz-Lambides Corri Waitt Alexander Weiss 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(1):89-96
Several primate species show sexual dichromatism with males displaying conspicuous coloration of the pelage or skin. Studies
of scrotal coloration in male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) suggest that it is an important intrasexual signal, with relatively dark, colourful males dominating paler males. To date,
no studies have examined the influence of male colour on intersexual social interactions in vervet monkeys. The primary goal
of the present study was to evaluate whether female vervet monkeys attend to male coloration. We experimentally introduced
females, housed with either “pale” or “dark” males, to stimulus males whose scrota were pale, dark, or pale but painted to
look dark. Overall, during introductions, females did not differ in time spent directing affiliative behaviour toward pale,
dark, and painted males; however, females, permanently housed with dark males, spent significantly more time directing affiliative
behaviour toward pale than painted males. When the stimulus male was pale, affiliative exchanges between males and females
were longer than when the stimulus male was painted. Home male colour was not related to female-initiated aggression. Home
male colour was also not related to male-initiated aggression, although painted stimulus males were more likely to initiate
aggression than pale stimulus males. These findings lead us to conclude that females pay attention to male coloration, but
do not bias their interactions toward males solely on the basis of natural male coloration. 相似文献
263.
Miguel Costa Leal Cristóv?o Nunes Daniel Alexandre Teresa Lopes da Silva Alberto Reis Maria Teresa Dinis Ricardo Calado 《Marine Biology》2012,159(8):1745-1751
Aeolidiella stephanieae is a stenophagous tropical nudibranch that feeds exclusively on glass anemones of the genus Aiptasia. These sea anemones usually harbour endosymbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that contribute to the nutrition of their host by providing photosynthetates, such as fatty acids (FA). The present work determined the effect of parental diets on the FA profile of A. stephanieae embryos by feeding breeding pairs of this nudibranch with either symbiotic or aposymbiotic A. pallida. Contrasting FA profiles, namely in the levels of palmitic acid (16:0) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), were recorded for both parental diets and egg masses produced by nudibranchs eating either symbiotic or aposymbiotic A. pallida. Noteworthy effects of parental dietary FAs on egg masses were also observed, particularly for DHA, which is mainly synthetized by the endosymbionts of A. pallida. Additionally, the present study also highlights how bleaching events may promote cascading effects on the nutrition of marine species with a stenophagous diet, such as A. stephanieae. 相似文献
264.
Ricardo Calado Tânia Pimentel Daniel F. R. Cleary Gisela Dionísio Cristóvão Nunes Teresa Lopes da Silva Maria Teresa Dinis Alberto Reis 《Marine Biology》2010,157(11):2427-2434
Larval decapods are commonly produced in captivity and employed in experiments to evaluate interspecific physiological and
biochemical differences. Currently, it is still unknown if different decapod species provided a common diet and exposed to
identical abiotic conditions produce newly hatched larvae (NHL) with similar fatty acid (FA) profiles. This study analyzed
the FA composition of NHL from five marine shrimp species (Lysmata amboinensis, L. boggessi, L. debelius, L. seticaudata and Rhynchocinetes durbanensis) fed a common diet and stocked at constant temperature. FA profiles of NHL differed significantly within and among genera.
NHL from species unable to molt from zoea I to zoea II in the absence of food (L. amboinensis, L. debelius and R. durbanensis) displayed the lowest FA contents. Researchers must be aware that providing a common diet to different species, even if closely
related, may not standardize the FA profile of NHL produced in captivity. 相似文献
265.
Patrícia C. Lopes James Adelman John C. Wingfield George E. Bentley 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(10):1421-1428
Sickness behaviors constitute an array of symptoms exhibited by an animal during the course of an infection, including reduced activity, reduced food and water intake, and reduced social interactions. It is hypothesized that these symptoms enable reallocation of finite energy resources to fight infection. In this way, by focusing energy on healing, available resources are being removed from other activities, potentially reducing adaptive opportunities, such as mating. Hence, to achieve increased reproductive success, animals might be able to adjust the expression of sickness behaviors to their environmental circumstances. While abiotic conditions such as temperature and season can modulate sickness behaviors, no studies in passerines have linked modulation of sickness behaviors to social settings. Here, it is demonstrated that social surroundings affect the extent to which animals exhibit symptoms of sickness. After an immune challenge, zebra finches kept in isolation markedly reduced activity, but those kept in a colony setting did not. The same trend is verified when looking at the time they spent resting. Additionally, a proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) was quantified in plasma samples and all animals that had been immune challenged showed increased levels of this marker, showing that the physiological response was similar. Hence, birds in a social context were able to overcome the behavioral, but not physiological, symptoms usually associated with an inflammatory response. These findings suggest a trade-off between allowing the body to respond to an infection and taking advantage of being in a social situation. 相似文献
266.
Christy L. Hoffman Angelina V. Ruiz-Lambides Edgar Davila Elizabeth Maldonado Melissa S. Gerald Dario Maestripieri 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(11):1711-1718
In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through gestation, lactation, and maternal
care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly manifested as mating effort. In this study, we investigated whether reproduction
has significant survival costs for a seasonally breeding, sexually promiscuous species, the rhesus macaque, and whether these
costs occur at different times of the year for females and males, namely in the birth and the mating season, respectively.
The study was conducted with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data on 7,402 births and 922 deaths
over a 45-year period were analyzed. Births were concentrated between November and April, while conceptions occurred between
May and October. As predicted, female mortality probability peaked in the birth season whereas male mortality probability
peaked in the mating season. Furthermore, as the onset of the birth season gradually shifted over the years in relation to
climatic changes, there was a concomitant shift in the seasonal peaks of male and female mortality. Taken together, our findings
provide the first evidence of sex differences in the survival costs of reproduction in nonhuman primates and suggest that
reproduction has significant fitness costs even in environments with abundant food and absence of predation. 相似文献
267.
This introduction article is for the special issue ‘Managing organizations for sustainable development in emerging countries: natural resources, biodiversity, and climate change’ in the International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology and presents an introduction to the topics and summarizes accepted contributions in the special issue. The accepted works may contribute with organizational management in the search for more sustainable organizations. The works focus on the challenges of managing organizations in a context of degradation of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and climate change. Accepted papers discuss these issues, based on the reality of emerging economies (e.g. Brazil, India, and China). 相似文献
268.
Bandeira Felipe Ogliari Lodi Mikael Renan Graciani Thalia Smaniotto Oroski Sabrina Mattias Jorge Luis Cardoso Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Alves Paulo Roger Lopes 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(8):20159-20167
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigated the influence of the sewage sludge (SS) soil amendment on the chronic toxicity of imidacloprid (through the seed dressing... 相似文献
269.
Natália Pedroso Serpa Deoclécio Junior Cardoso da Silva Roger da Silva Wegner Estefana da Silva Stertz Clarissa Stefani Teixeira Luis Felipe Dias Lopes 《环境质量管理》2023,32(3):251-262
The objective of the present study is to evaluate, determine, and apply alternatives for improving the quality of the process and the product, with an emphasis on sustainable practices, using an integrated multi-criteria method. For this purpose, an analysis was conducted at a chain of bakeries, aiming to highlight bottlenecks in the production process and in the product. With the support of a literature review, four criteria and seven alternatives were defined to overcome these bottlenecks and, at the same time, contribute to the sustainability of the organization. For data analysis, six decision makers were interviewed and, following their evaluations, an integrated method based on fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS was created. The fuzzy AHP was adopted to establish the importance of the criteria, while the fuzzy TOPSIS was used to evaluate and classify the alternatives developed to bypass the bottlenecks. The results revealed that of the criteria, Criterion “Cr1 – Quality” was prioritized. On the other hand, the alternative with the best performance was “A3 – Physical Layout Reorganization”. Applying this alternative, the study demonstrates the results achieved such as reduction of errors and accident risks, as well as greater fluidity in the productive space. the present study also makes theoretical and managerial contributions to the field, bringing the theory closer to the reality of companies that operate in the food sector. 相似文献
270.
Paulo Eduardo Guzzo Coutinho Luiz Antonio Candido Wanderli Pedro Tadei Urbano Lopes da Silva Junior Honorly Katia Mestre Correa 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(5):311
A study was conducted at three sampling regions along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil. The aim was to determine the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological variables on new malaria cases. Data was gathered on the river level, precipitation, air temperature, and the number of new cases of autochthonous malaria between January 2003 and December 2013. Monthly averages, time series decompositions, cross-correlations, and multiple regressions revealed different relationships at each location. The sampling region in the upper Rio Negro indicated no statistically significant results. However, monthly averages suggest that precipitation and air temperature correlate positively with the occurrence of new cases of malaria. In the mid Rio Negro and Puraquequara Lake, the river level positively correlated, and temperature negatively correlated with new transmissions, while precipitation correlated negatively in the mid Rio Negro and positively on the lake. Overall, the river level is a key variable affecting the formation of breeding sites, while precipitation may either develop or damage them. A negative temperature correlation is associated with the occurrence of new annual post-peak cases of malaria, when the monthly average exceeds 28.5 °C. This suggests that several factors contribute to the occurrence of new malaria cases as higher temperatures are reached at the same time as precipitation and the river levels are lowest. Differences between signals and correlation lags indicate that local characteristics have an impact on how different variables influence the disease vector’s life cycle, pathogens, and consequently, new cases of malaria. 相似文献