Temporal and Spatial Variations of Phytoplankton Community Structure in Lake Erhai,a Chinese Plateau Lake,with Reference to Environmental Factors

Russian Journal of Ecology - Temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community in Lake Erhai were investigated from May 2010 to April 2011. A total of 124 species belonging to 8 phyla and...     

Effects of water regime,crop residues,and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated (100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30°C for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential (down to − 350 mV) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore, incorporating soil with straw (rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100% water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30°C.     

SO2污染对小鼠骨髓细胞微核的诱发作用

在SO2吸入慢性染毒条件下,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞（PCE）的微核细胞率与微核率均显著增加,且雌雄差异显著。结果也表明,SO2对阳性致突变剂乌拉坦航发微核的作用有显著抑制效应。本研究模拟SO2空气污染,从整体水平直接证实了SO2是哺乳类细胞染色体断裂剂、SO2与阳性致突变剂的联合作用是复杂的结论。     

光电催化氧化处理中各类活性物质的氧化机理

为了深入研究其中各类活性物质氧化机理,以难降解的3,4-二甲基苯胺（3,4-DMA）废水作为研究对象,通过研究不同抑制剂条件下的动力学规律,并以贡献度（k_f/K）来量化各活性物质的作用效果,得出氯类活性物质的贡献度为89.03%,羟基自由基（·OH）的贡献度为6.24%,而空穴和阳极直接氧化贡献度可以忽略.采用三聚氰胺法、二甲亚砜（DMSO）法和DPD法定性定量测定了空穴、·OH和自由氯的含量,结果表明：较高浓度的氯化钠降低了空穴和·OH的贡献度;·OH的产量符合零级动力学规律,其产生速率为0.106mg/（L·min）;自由氯的累积浓度分为3个阶段,第3阶段累积速率为0.159mg/（L·min）.自由氯仅占氯类活性物质氧化体系的一小部分,其他含氯氧化物质和氯类自由基的氧化占重要地位.通过GC-MS、UV-vis和TOC检测,发现在反应10.0min前,主要通过氯类活性物质对侧链的快速攻击,使3,4-DMA转化为苯甲醛等易分解的苯环类物质;10.0min后,主要通过·OH对苯环大π键的攻击,使苯环类物质转化为小分子物质,然后继续被·OH氧化直到矿化.     

浑太河流域鱼类生物完整性指数构建与应用

为了解决在不同区域和不同河流类型间等大尺度范围内F-IBI(鱼类生物完整性指数)评价方法体系的建立问题,以浑河-太子河(下称浑太河)流域为研究区域,构建符合区域性特征的生物完整性评价体系并进行应用研究. 于2014年5月对浑太河流域32个采样点的鱼类进行采样调查,根据鱼类群落特征的空间差异和浑太河流域水生态分区,将采样点分为中上游和下游区域两种类型. 通过综合栖息地和水质的标准化方法确定参照点和受损点,依据候选指标分布范围检验、敏感性分析和相关性检验,筛选出浑太河流域中上游F-IBI核心指标包括总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、鲤形目鱼类物种数百分比、雅罗鱼亚科个体数百分比、鳅科鱼类物种数百分比、鲈形目鱼类物种数百分比、杂食性鱼类物种数百分比、肉食性鱼类物种数百分比、敏感性鱼类个体数百分比等9个指标;下游筛选出F-IBI核心指标包括总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、鮈亚科鱼类物种数百分比、鲈形目鱼类物种数百分比、虾虎鱼科鱼类物种数百分比、中上层鱼类物种数百分比、东北特有鱼类物种数百分比、无脊椎动物食性鱼类物种数百分比、耐受性鱼类个体数百分比等9个指标. 分别提出了浑太河流域中上游和下游的参数标准化公式和健康评价标准,依此将浑太河流域健康状态划分为极好、好、一般、差和极差5个健康等级. 评价结果表明,浑太河流域健康状况整体偏差,在32个采样点中,健康状况处于差和极差的采样点占采样点总数的37.5%,一般的采样点占21.88%,仅有6.25%的采样点处于极好状态. Pearson相关性分析结果显示,F-IBI分值与电导率、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TN)均呈显著负相关,而与栖息地综合指数呈显著正相关,表明F-IBI可有效评估浑太河流域的健康状况.      

Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs)-associated protobiofilm: A neglected contributor to biofouling during membrane filtration

• Bacteria could easily and quickly attached onto TEP to form protobiofilms. • TEP-protobiofilm facilitate the transport of bacteria to membrane surface. • More significant flux decline was observed in the presence of TEP-protobiofilms. • Membrane fouling shows higher sensitivity to protobiofilm not to bacteria level. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are a class of transparent gel-like polysaccharides, which have been widely detected in almost every kind of feed water to membrane systems, including freshwater, seawater and wastewater. Although TEP have been thought to be related to the membrane fouling, little information is currently available for their influential mechanisms and the pertinence to biofouling development. The present study, thus, aims to explore the impact of TEPs on biofouling development during ultrafiltration. TEP samples were inoculated with bacteria for several hours before filtration and the formation of “protobiofilm” (pre-colonized TEP by bacteria) was examined and its influence on biofouling was determined. It was observed that the bacteria can easily and quickly attach onto TEPs and form protobiofilms. Ultrafiltration experiments further revealed that TEP-protobiofilms served as carriers which facilitated and accelerated transport of bacteria to membrane surface, leading to rapid development of biofouling on the ultrafiltration membrane surfaces. Moreover, compared to the feed water containing independent bacteria and TEPs, more flux decline was observed with TEP-protobiofilms. Consequently, it appeared from this study that TEP-protobiofilms play a vital role in the development of membrane biofouling, but unfortunately, this phenomenon has been often overlooked in the literature. Obviously, these findings in turn may also challenge the current understanding of organic fouling and biofouling as membrane fouling caused by TEP-protobiofilm is a combination of both. It is expected that this study might promote further research in general membrane fouling mechanisms and the development of an effective mitigation strategy.     

澳大利亚哈龙管理对我国的启示

概述了我国履行国际公约淘汰哈龙的整体情况,分析相关管理政策执行现状,指出了我国哈龙管理中存在的问题。根据澳大利亚哈龙回收和再利用管理的经验,提出在中国设立哈龙银行并实行三级管理机制,开发替代技术以及加强回收再利用等哈龙管理建议。     

京津冀地区钢铁行业高时空分辨率排放清单方法研究

针对目前京津冀地区钢铁行业大气污染物排放量基数不清,排放清单缺失的现状,以钢铁行业调研、企业在线监测、污染源调查等数据为基础,综合考虑钢铁行业具体工艺设备、环保措施、产能等信息,按照自下而上的方法建立了一套高时空分辨率排放清单.经计算,2012年京津冀地区钢铁企业排放SO2为47.16万t,NOx为37.22万t,烟粉尘为34.15万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺为京津冀钢铁行业污染物的主要来源;从空间分布来看,唐山、邯郸两地区集中了整个京津冀地区一半以上的钢铁企业,其污染物排放量占到了整个区域钢铁企业排放总量的一半以上.     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Abstract

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^?1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^?1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^?1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^?1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^?1 and 0.22 ppm hr^?1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.