离子交换分离偶氮氯膦Ⅲ钡光度法快速测定地表水中的硫酸根

本文报告一个测定硫酸根的快速光度法,方法基于在酸性乙醇介质中SO_4~(2-)与CPAⅢ-Ba~(2+)的反应,在15毫升显色液中,SO_4~(2+)浓度介于20—120徽克遵守比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数8′=6.3×10~3升·摩尔~(-1)·厘米~(-1),显色体系至少能稳定24小时,阳离子的干扰用强酸型阳离子交换树脂分离,水样测定的相对标准偏差为1.85—3.10％。     

活性炭动态交换分离富集光度法测定水和废水中痕量铍

铍及其化合物对人类的毒性极大,并且有致癌作用。目前已成为人们较关注的环境污染物。随着铍的利用和环境保护的发展,急需解决铍的富集和测定的高灵敏度方法,文献[1]利用活性炭静态吸附铍-铬天箐S(CAS)-氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)三元络合物分离富集铍,且利用此三元络合物光度法测定铍,惜此法操作繁琐,且吸附回收率也不太稳定,本文在此基础上,改用活性炭     

钢渣在建筑材料中的易磨性和稳定性研究

针对目前钢渣处理和钢渣综合利用中存在的问题,指出对钢渣实施改质处理是提高钢渣资源化率的有效途径。通过高温成分改质、电子束辐照改质钢渣,和对钢渣改质机制的研究,解决钢渣应用中的体积不稳定性、易磨性和活性问题。该技术的研究可为寻求大宗量应用钢渣的途径和开发出高质量的钢渣产品奠定基础。     

含铜多金属复杂矿区的一株浸矿细菌的分离与鉴定

为寻找新的浸矿细菌,从江西城门山矿区硫化矿矿坑水中使用平板分离法得到了一株能够浸矿的细菌,命名为CMS.经电镜和生理生化试验,鉴定该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌,短杆状,菌体大小为(0.4±0.1)靘祝±0.5)靘, 最适生长温度为25～30 ℃,最适pH值为2.0,化能自养型,能利用亚铁、单质硫和葡萄糖生长,不能利用硫代硫酸钠、蛋白胨生长.16S rRNA系统发育树的结果表明,CMS菌株与嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)AFY菌株位于系统发育树一个同的分支中,相似度99.72%.克隆其代谢系统关键基因亚铁氧化酶(Iro protein)基因并测定其序列,与其他相关菌株比对,结果显示编码区的核酸序列与报道序列完全一致.另外,其铁闪锌矿(ZnFe)S摇瓶浸出试验显示,在浸出28 d后,含菌株的摇瓶的锌离子质量浓度即达到615.50 mg·L-1,而无菌浸出仅有392.25 mg·L-1.     

有机垃圾处理机发酵工艺研究

叙述了新型有机垃圾处理机的结构特点,分析了有机垃圾处理的生物发酵过程,通过不同温度、搅拌频率和通风时间的发酵实验,根据发酵效果的不同确定最佳关键工艺参数,为有机垃圾处理机的进一步发展提供依据。     

城市景观河流夏季污染状况及营养水平动态分析--以天津市津河为例

以CODMn、氨氮、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a等为主要指标。对天津市一条典型的景观河流——津河进行了调查分析。结果表明,津河水质介于地表水环境标准(GB3838—2002)的Ⅳ和Ⅴ类之间,营养状态为重富营养。且在多个采样点出现蓝藻水华。水体中的各项指标的变化趋势为,CODMn与叶绿素a都是在7月达到最高,随后逐渐降低。总溶解性氮夏季变化曲线呈倒“S’形。7月最低。8月最高。河道上游总溶解性磷一直比较稳定,而下游在8月上旬急剧升高。藻类演替过程大致为粉末微囊藻-皮状席藻-多种蓝藻。与改造之初相比。水质状况有所改善。     

盐城市臭氧污染特征及影响因素

对2015—2016年盐城市城区4个空气质量自动监测国控站点的O_3监测数据进行分析,探讨盐城市O_3污染水平、时空分布特征及其与前体物、气象因子之间的关系。结果表明,各站点O_3污染水平较为接近,2016年各站点O_3-8h第90百分位数超标天数较2015年分别下降了43.5%,50.0%,8.7%和43.6%;全年O_3逐月值大致呈双峰分布,高ρ(O_3)主要集中在4—10月;O_3日变化曲线呈明显的单峰分布,一般在05:00—07:00最低,13:00—15:00达到峰值;不同季节的O_3日变化情况有所差异,午后O_3峰值与O_3日变化幅度均在春季最大,冬季最低;NO、NO_2和CO的日变化曲线均呈现出早晚双峰分布,受早高峰影响,一般在07:00左右达到一日中的最大值;O_3与NO_x等前体物均显著负相关,高ρ(O_3)往往出现在高ρ(CO)/ρ(NO_2)时;总体上各站点的ρ(O_3)随风速的增大而增大。     

臭氧氧化法连续处理焦化废水生化出水

采用连续通入废水和臭氧的方式,利用臭氧氧化法深度处理焦化废水生化出水(COD为151~183 mg/L、pH约为8),并通过添加羟基自由基抑制剂叔丁醇探究了臭氧氧化的机理。在不调节废水pH、臭氧投加量12.15mg/L、废水流量2 mL/min的最佳条件下,COD去除率达54.5%,出水COD达到GB 16171—2012《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》。稳定运行时,降解1 kg COD需投加臭氧741.1 mg。臭氧氧化过程中,臭氧自身氧化和羟基自由基氧化同时存在,且以羟基自由基氧化为主。反应过程符合准一级动力学模型,反应速率常数为0.01 min~(-1)。     

Metal immobilization by sludge-derived biochar: roles of mineral oxides and carbonized organic compartment

Pyrolyzing sludge into biochar is a potentially promising recycling/disposal solution for municipal wastewater sludge, and the sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) presents an excellent sorbent for metal immobilization. As SDBC is composed of both mineral oxides and carbonized organic compartment, this study therefore compared the sorption behaviour of Pb and Zn on SDBC to those of individual and mixture of activated carbon (AC) and amorphous aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃). Batch experiments were conducted at 25 and 45 °C, and the metal-loaded sorbents were artificially aged in the atmosphere for 1–60 days followed by additional sorption experiments. The Pb sorption was generally higher than Zn sorption, and the co-presence of Pb reduced Zn sorption on each studied sorbent. Higher sorption capacities were observed at 45 °C than 25 °C for SDBC and AC, while the opposite was shown for Al₂O₃, indicating the significance of temperature-dependent diffusion processes in SDBC and AC. Nevertheless, metal sorption was more selective on Al₂O₃ that showed a greater affinity towards Pb over Zn under competition, correlating with the reducible fraction of sequential extraction. Furthermore, significant amounts of Pb and Zn were additionally sorbed on SDBC following 30-day ageing. The X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of metal-phosphate precipitates, while the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a larger quantity of metal–oxygen bonding after 30-day ageing of metal-loaded SDBC. The results may imply favourable long-term transformation and additional sorption capacity of SDBC. In conclusion, SDBC resembles the sorption characteristics of both organic and mineral sorbents in different aspects, presenting an appropriate material for metal immobilization during soil amendment.     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Chongqing, China

Concentrations of six endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E(1)), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), estriol (E(3)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), were assessed in influents, effluents and excess sludge in ten municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area, Chongqing, China. Three types of activated sludge treatment processes, oxidation ditch (OD), reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (rA(2)/O) technology and sequential batch reactor (SBR), were used in the surveyed WWTPs. These WWTPs were all combined landfill leachate-sewage treatment plants. All analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the dissolved phase and by accelerated solvent-based extraction (ASE) in sludge. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the analysis of EDCs. Among these EDCs, BPA was the most frequently detected and abundant compound (100.0-10566.7 ng L(-1), 15.5-1210.7 ng L(-1) and 85.0-2470.4 ng g(-1) with respect to the influents, effluents and excess sludge samples). The greatest levels of steroidal estrogens in municipal influents were observed in E(3) which were all >100 ng L(-1), followed by E(1) (42.2-110.7 ng L(-1)) and E(2) (7.4-32.7 ng L(-1)), and in the effluents and sludge were E(1) > E(3) > E(2) which were all <31 ng L(-1) and 105 ng g(-1), respectively. Regarding synthetic estrogens, EE(2) was frequently detected in the influents, occurring below 50 ng L(-1), while DES was not detected at all. A high correlation coefficient was observed between the leachate-sludge ratio and concentrations of influent EDCs, and it was statistically significant (i.e., R > 0.65, P < 0.05), but removal efficiency of the EDCs did not show significant differences with OD, rA(2)/O and SBR processes. Furthermore, modification of treatment technology as well as operational parameters, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT) and disinfection process (DP), were recommended to further eliminate the residual EDCs.