Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990-2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin, China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

四溴联苯醚对小鼠的神经毒性

为探讨持久性有机污染物2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对小鼠海马组织的神经毒性,将小鼠每日灌胃25或50 mg·kg-1剂量的BDE-47,6周后检测其记忆能力、海马组织病理学变化、蛋白激酶C(PKC)表达量和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活性。结果显示,BDE-47损伤了小鼠被动回避实验的记忆保持能力,导致海马安蒙角(CA1)区锥体细胞排列紊乱,神经元胞体体积变小,形态不规则。BDE-47对小鼠海马组织PKCα、β、γ和ζ的表达无影响,但显著上调了PKCδ和PKCλ的表达,促进了caspase-3活性。这些结果提示,BDE-47导致的海马神经毒性可能与PKCδ和PKCλ表达异常及caspase-3活性升高有关。本实验结果为进一步了解BDE-47神经毒作用机制提供了实验依据。     

Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of PFOS and PFOA in cultured Trachinotus ovatus in China

In this study, investigation was conducted into concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Chinese farmed Trachinotus ovatus between 2014 and 2015 using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) and ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method. The tissue distribution (muscle, skin, liver, kidney and gill) in Trachinotus ovatus was also assessed. The detection frequencies of PFOS and PFOA in fish were 92% and 3%, respectively, and the mean concentrations were 0.392 and 0.015 μg/kg wet weight. The analysis of PFOS distribution in different tissues in Trachinotus ovatus showed the following trend: skin> gill> kidney> liver> flesh. Results revealeded farmed Trachinotus ovatus in China to generally be contaminated with PFOS. Moreover, the average daily intake for Chinese urban residents calculated on the basis of pollution content was 0.268 ng/kg body weight/d (PFOS) and 0.014 ng/kg body weight /d (PFOA), respectively. Both hazard ratio values were less than 1, indicating that exposure levels of PFOS and PFOA through Trachinotus ovatus consumption may not lead to adverse health effects in the Chinese population.     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

Molybdenum background and pollution levels in the Taipu River,China

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Pollution of river sediments by industrial molybdenum (Mo) is a potential threat to human and ecosystem health, yet the lack of a geochemical background level for...     

Novel Pretreatment Performance Evaluation for Cellulose Nanofibrils Extraction from Ficus natalensis Barkcloth

Recently, nanosized cellulose materials extraction is extensively interesting from the sources of sustainable materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) extraction through green bio-based materials featured as promising interest in the field of science. In this study, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was applied to examine its effectiveness in pretreating the Ficus natalensis barkcloth cellulose (FNBC) for CNF production before 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation. The pretreatment performance of DMSO was evaluated based on the structural and morphological changes. DMSO pretreated FNBC attained the most dramatic morphological changes as compared to untreated cellulose samples. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) shows that there is an extensive structural disruption of FNBC during the pretreatment process, which could be because of outstanding ability to eliminate non-cellulosic materials and amorphous regions from the FNBC, confirmed by the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) showing higher crystallinity values, as well as higher thermal stabilities values of pretreated FNBC samples, were also noted. Overall, this study revealed a tremendously effective and pioneer pretreatment method for fractionating FNBC, to stimulate the successive extraction of cellulose nanofibrils. Furthermore, based on the cellulose and CNF characterizations, this study showed that F. natalensis barkcloth could be considered as an alternative source of cellulose for potential value-added industrial applications such as the food industry, paper making, and biomedicines.

Graphic Abstract

     

水基灭火剂发展现状与分析

为推进我国水基灭火剂技术与应用健康发展,本文介绍我国水基灭火剂的发展历程、研究现状,并将水基灭火剂与其他灭火剂在性能与应用、标准2方面进行对比分析,从而提出水基灭火剂的发展和应用前景.研究表明:扩展适用范围、推广先进辅助设备、推动多领域融合和标准化将是水基灭火剂的发展方向.     

Management implications of spatial–temporal variations of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) in the Yellow River Basin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - It is an important content of environment management to accurately identify the time change and spatial distribution of net anthropogenic nitrogen...