黄河流域夏季水质量评价及管理对策

为了有效保护黄河水资源,促进黄河流域绿色发展,本研究在黄河流域上、中、下游贵德、兰州、三门峡和东营地点分别采样,分析p H、溶解氧、固体悬浮物、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、亚硝态氮、总有机碳、总无机碳、总碳、总磷、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、粪大肠菌群、挥发酚含量变化趋势,并进行水质综合评价。结果发现:(1)固体悬浮物变化呈现东营兰州三门峡贵德;(2)氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总有机碳、总无机碳、总碳、总磷、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、粪大肠菌群变化趋势依次为三门峡兰州东营贵德;(3)亚硝态氮和挥发酚含量变化趋势为兰州三门峡东营贵德;(4)综合水质评价结果为贵德水质好于东营,东营水质好于兰州,兰州好于三门峡。研究表明邻近城市和大型支流汇入点下游河段是黄河氮污染的主要来源,流域各省各级政府领导,要认真学习习总书记提出的"绿水青山就是金山银山"的生态思想,要入脑入心,严格科学减排,"一定要把黄河的事情办好"。     

建筑拆除垃圾应用于水泥混合材的试验研究

选用赣州地区20世纪90年代建成的现已达到拆除期限的建筑物的废弃混凝土和废弃粘土砖,分析了其化学组分和矿物组分,然后通过不同建筑垃圾掺量混合材试验、活性激发试验以及复合混合材试验。结果表明,掺适量建筑垃圾可有效提高水泥的早期强度;添加Ca O能够激发废弃混凝土活性,可达81%,可提高废弃粘土砖活性39.58%;废弃混凝土和废弃粘土砖相互抑制了彼此活性,不宜混合回用。建议建筑垃圾必须分类和活性激发,有利于提高建筑垃圾水泥的强度。     

Exposure,sensitivity, and social adaptive capacity related to climate change: empirical research in China

The present research established a preliminary indicator assessment system satisfying Chinese characters for exposure, sensitivity, and social adaptive capacity related to climate change. The 31 province-level administrative regions in mainland China were considered in our research. We developed three dimensions of indices related to climate change, including primary, secondary, and tertiary indicators. We chose all variables and indicators based on a literature review and used principal component analysis and the varimax method to develop a weighted assessment index system. Districts in central China scored higher on the overall exposure index than other sample districts, western China generally exhibited higher sensitivity, and eastern China exhibited comparatively higher social adaptive capacity than the other regions. This study also provides perspective for adaptation policies that all regions in China could adopt to determine development direction decision-making based on their specific conditions and diversified comparative advantages to enhance adaptive capacity in response to climate change.     

Effects of basin nutrient discharge variations coupled with climate change on water quality in Lake Erhai,China

In Lake Erhai, water quality was affected by the basin nutrient discharge and climate change. To analyze the relationships between the water quality (total nitrogen [TN], total phosphorus [TP], chemical oxygen demand [CODmn], ammonia [NH₄], and trophic level index [TLI]) and basin nutrient discharge (TNd, TPd, and CODd) combined with climate changes (air temperature [AT], precipitation [pre], wind speed [wind], and sunshine hours [SHs]), the generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to explore the nonlinear relationships with their interactions using data sets ranging from 1999 to 2012. Our findings revealed that the water quality in Lake Erhai deteriorated in the early twentieth century, and the basin discharge and AT appeared significant (p?<?0.05) rising trends in a long time, while the precipitation decreased significantly (p?<?0.05) in the study period. Single-factor GAM results indicated that the basin nutrient discharge was the main explanatory factor for the variations of TN and TP in lake, while precipitation was the main driver for CODmn and NH₄. Besides, the water quality displayed nonlinear responses to the basin discharge, but all of the water quality variables went up as the emission levels increased in the lower range. The results showed that the water quality deteriorated in the lower rainfall, and TN rose as the AT increases, while TP was elevated accompanied by the ascending SHs there. The GAM interaction results suggested that the increase of AT and TPd had a promoting effect on TP in Lake Erhai. Stricter nutrient management measures should be implemented when the impacts of climate change are taken into account.

     

Enhanced photocatalytic removal of amoxicillin with Ag/TiO2/mesoporous g-C3N4 under visible light: property and mechanistic studies

In present study, an efficient ternary Ag/TiO₂/mesoporous g-C₃N₄ (M-g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through depositing Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ heterojunction. Ag/TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite displayed the highest degradation efficiency for amoxicillin (AMX) compared to TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ heterojunction, M-g-C₃N₄, and bulk-g-C₃N₄ (B-g-C₃N₄). The removal efficiency of AMX in real situation, surface water (SW), hospital wastewater (HW), and waste water treatment plant (WWTP) also were studied to illustrate the effectiveness of Ag/TiO₂/M-g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. The vulnerable atoms in AMX structure were revealed through DFT calculation. Additionally, the dominating active groups produced in time of the photocatalytic procedure were determined on account of free radical trapping experiments and ESR spectra. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation was proposed and verified. The transfer of the electrons and the inhibition of the recombination of photogenerated electron-holes were enhanced effectively under the synergistic effect of the Ag NPs and TiO₂. As a consequence, the catalytic activity of the composite was improved under visible light.

     

构建中国跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的法律思考研究——基于跨流域调水水权转让的动态视角

跨流域调水的生态补偿成为实现公平的方式已为越来越多的国家和地区所接受。而当前中国的跨流域调水的生态补偿是国家和政府主导型的,然而单靠国家和政府的力量是有限的。市场是资源优化配置的最佳选择,因此,引入市场机制对跨流域调水进行生态补偿,是十分有效的。通过对跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的介绍来引出构建中国今后跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的三要素是本文的主要内容。     

A Novel Subgenotype of Torque teno Virus 1 (TTSuV1) in Slaughter Pigs in China

TTsuV1 can cause persistent infection and unidentified clinical signs in pigs. In this study, a survey of TTsuV1 prevalence was conducted in slaughter pigs from Henan, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces in China. A total of 180 swine lymphoid tissues were assayed by PCR with primers targeting the conserved 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR). The results showed that a 17.8 % positive rate, and different genotypes were detected. TTSuV1 presented higher viral load and prevalence in inguinal lymph node than in submandibular lymph node samples. All TTsuV1 isolates have 84–100 % nucleotide sequence homology in the 5′-UTR region and can be grouped into three subgenotypes (TTsuV1_a-1, TTsuV1_a-2, and TTsuV1_b). Notably, the novel genetic subtype TTsuV1_b was first reported in slaughter pigs.     

当代应对突发性海洋灾害的社会动员机制探析

新中国成立以来我国在应对突发性海洋灾害的社会动员机制方面存在着参与救灾的社会力量过于弱小,政府动员不足,应急动员的法律、制度尚不完善,信息沟通机制缺乏等问题,为此,需要加大对民间组织的扶持力度,进一步完善政府动员,加强应急社会动员的法律和制度保障,建立畅通的信息沟通机制,提高公民的灾害应对能力等,以此来完善社会动员机制,以寻求有效的防灾减灾对策,构筑新型社会动员氛围。     

典型城市碳达峰能源政策下空气质量协同改善效益评估

碳达峰能源政策可同时实现减污降碳,带来明显的空气质量改善及人群健康效益.本研究综合利用LEAP模型、WRF-CMAQ模型和BenMAP-CE模型,量化评估了惠州市能源政策和大气污染控制措施对二氧化碳和大气污染物排放、空气质量和人群健康的影响.结果表明, 不实施碳达峰的基准情景下惠州市CO₂排放将持续增长,而能源转型能使惠州市在2030年实现碳达峰值6906万t目标,碳减排贡献最大是 电力部门;大气污染末端控制措施叠加能源政策可从源头进一步减少SO₂、VOCs、NO_x、PM_2.5的排放,较基准年2019分别减排4695、44142、38422、12493 t.能源转型情景下惠州市2035年PM_2.5年均浓度可以从基准情景的18.25 μg·m^-3下降至14.95 μg·m^-3,小于世界卫生组织过渡期 第3阶段目标（15 μg·m^-3）,O₃年均浓度也可大幅降低至133.68 μg·m^-3;进而得到归因于PM_2.5和O₃的可避免早逝人数分别为448例（95% CI：143~737）和36例（95% CI：11~61）,相对于基准情景获得的人群健康效益为37.88亿元（95% CI：12.37~61.56）.     

西安市建筑施工扬尘排放的模型估算

作为我国大气污染治理重点区域汾渭平原的重点城市,西安正处于城市建设迅速发展阶段,建筑扬尘排放量大,极大地影响了西安的空气质量.本研究基于西安市建筑和市政施工工程的调查资料,结合两套由不同机构测量的我国北方典型城市排放因子,估算获得了西安市2017年建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的排放量及排放强度,构建了西安市区县级别建筑扬尘排放颗粒物清单,并分析其空间分布特征.结果表明:①引用中国环境科学研究院依据建筑扬尘产生类型测定的排放因子,估算获得2017年西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为6.8×10~4、1.4×10~4 t,其中,作业施工扬尘排放量占总排放量的74%,风蚀扬尘占26%;②引用北京市环境保护科学研究院构建的建筑扬尘季节性排放因子,估算西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为10.8×10~4、2.2×10~4 t,建筑扬尘排放量存在着明显的季节差异,夏季、秋季、冬季的扬尘排放量明显低于春季,但冬季略高于夏季、秋季;③综合两套排放计算结果表明,估算的建筑扬尘排放量存在50%的差异,西安2017年建筑扬尘PM_(10)排放量约为6.8×10~4～10.8×10~4 t,PM_(2.5)排放量约为1.4×10~4～2.2×10~4 t;④空间分布上,主城区建筑施工扬尘排放量大,约占总排放量的72%;主城区建筑施工扬尘排放强度高,约为郊区县的29倍.