Distribution of perfluorinated alkyl substances in marine shellfish along the Chinese Bohai Sea coast

Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants, which pose a threat to human health primarily by dietary exposure, especially through seafood. Bohai Sea (a semi-closed sea located north of China) is an important shellfish aquaculture area that is possibly highly-polluted with PFASs. In this study, we first evaluated contamination by PFASs in a total of 230 samples of marine shellfish from the Bohai Sea. Samples included five important shellfish species, collected from important aquaculture spots distributed around the Bohai Sea. Samples were analyzed by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which could simultaneously detect 23 PFASs in shellfish. Our research verified that PFASs have become a threat to the safety of shellfish products in this area. Furthermore, contamination by PFASs in shellfish changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of shellfish, and the sampling sites. Many of the 23 target compounds contributed to the high detection ratio (>50%) as follows: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)?>?perfluorononanoic acid?>?perfluorodecanesulfonic acid?>?perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Compared with other dominant components, PFOA not only had the highest detection percentage in shellfish samples (98.3%), but its detection level contributed to 87.2% of total PFASs concentrations, indicating that PFOA is the major threat to the safety of shellfish products. The highest level of PFAS was found in clams (62.5?ng?g^?1 wet weight of PFOA). The concentration of total PFAS in different shellfish species showed the following trend: clams?>?mussels?>?scallops?>?whelks?>?oysters. The maximum concentration of total PFAS or PFOA was found in Shouguang. The total concentration of PFOS and its precursor were highest in Cangzhou, possibly due to local industrial activities. The results presented in this paper provide new data on the contamination of marine shellfish along the Bohai Sea coasts in China, and constitute a reference for future monitoring of contamination by emerging contaminants in Bohai coast.     

物元分析法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

针对实际中的土壤重金属污染状况是渐变的、模糊的,采用物元分析模型法通过建立物元矩阵,引用毒性响应系数对模型中权重的计算方法进行改进,并将改进的物元分析模型对广西环江某受铅锌矿影响的土壤重金属污染状况进行评价分析。结果表明,该区域土壤受重金属污染严重,尤其受Pb、Cd的影响更为严重,此评价结果符合当地的实际情况,同时与潜在生态危害指数评价结果一致,说明物元分析法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用是合理的,其评价结果具有可靠性。     

溶解性有机质对土壤中汞吸附迁移及生物有效性影响的研究进展

汞是一种全球性的污染物,在环境中具有不可降解和生物累积的特性,可通过食物链进入人体,对人体健康产生危害.而溶解性有机质(DOM)作为陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中一种很活跃的重要化学组分,是环境中重要的天然有机配体和迁移载体.因此,DOM作为重金属的有机配体,是控制陆地和水环境中汞浓度的主要影响因素之一.综述了D0M对土...     

Influence of rhizosphere microbial ecophysiological parameters from different plant species on butachlor degradation in a riparian soil

Biogeochemical processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. However, little research has been reported on the microbial process and degradation potential of herbicide in a riparian soil. Field sampling and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate differences in microbial parameters and butachlor degradation in the riparian soil from four plant communities in Chongming Island, China. The results suggested that the rhizosphere soil had significantly higher total organic C and water-soluble organic C relative to the nonrhizosphere soil. Differences in rhizosphere microbial community size and physiological parameters among vegetation types were significant. The rhizosphere soil from the mixed community of Phragmites australis and Acorus calamus had the highest microbial biomass and biochemical activity, followed by A. calamus, P. australis and Zizania aquatica. Microbial ATP, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and basal soil respiration (BSR) in the rhizosphere of the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus were 58, 72, and 62% higher, respectively, than in the pure P. australis community. Compared with the rhizosphere soil of the pure plant communities, the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus displayed a significantly greater degradation rate of butachlor in the rhizosphere soil. Residual butachlor concentrations in rhizosphere soil of the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus and were 48, 63, and 68% lower than three pure plant communities, respectively. Butachlor degradation rates were positively correlated to microbial ATP, DHA, and BSR, indicating that these microbial parameters may be useful in assessing butachlor degradation potential in the riparian soil.     

微波催化氧化修复技术处理有机氯污染土壤

采用微波催化氧化修复技术处理常州某农药厂有机氯农药污染场地和南通某化工厂有机氯污染场地土壤,考察不同参数条件下实验装置对污染土壤的处理效能。结果表明,在微波功率18kW、微波辐射时间20min、土壤处理量400kg/h、土壤含水率15%、活性炭添加量0.03kg/kg的最佳条件下,实验装置运行稳定,有机氯农药污染土壤中氯丹去除率可达70%左右;有机氯污染土壤中邻二氯苯、石油烃总量、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯酚去除率分别可达到99.98%、91.29%、98.52%、74.74%。研发的污染土壤微波催化氧化修复技术及实验装置对有机氯污染土壤的修复具有一定的普适性。     

铁炭微电解-Fe~（2＋）/K_2S_2O_8降解甲基橙

针对偶氮类有机物废水具有色度大,难降解的特点,以对二甲基氨基偶氮苯磺酸钠（甲基橙）为模拟研究对象,对水体系中铁炭微电解-Fe2＋/K2S2O8降解甲基橙的方法进行了研究。通过正交实验确定出该方法各因素的影响程度,进一步通过单因素影响实验确定该方法的最佳条件是：铁炭微电解填料、FeSO4和K2S2O8投加量分别为300 g/L、1.3mmol/L和0.7 mmol/L,初始pH值为7.0。在最佳条件下,甲基橙COD和色度去除率分别能达到64.7%和68.2%。     

化学镀镍废水中磷和镍的同步去除

为有效去除化学镀镍废水中的主要污染物质磷与镍,采用H_2O_2氧化、芬顿氧化、铁碳处理、次氯酸钙氧化4种方法进行同步除磷去镍效果研究。结果表明:H_2O_2可有效去除废水中的镍,但单独氧化除磷效果不佳,芬顿氧化可增强其对磷的去除率,在一定的反应时间下达到良好的同步除磷去镍的效果;铁碳处理可基本达到同步除磷去镍的效果,但反应时间长;次氯酸钙可快速去除水中的磷与镍,是一种理想的同步除磷去镍试剂。通过分析可知,4种方法对化学镀镍废水中的磷与镍的去除均具有一定效果,且各具优势。研究为实现化学镀镍废水中同步除磷去镍的目标提供参考。     

城市生态文明建设评价指标体系构建

城市作为人类环境问题和危机产生的重要策源地,建立反映城市生态环境问题和生态文明建设状态的评价指标体系,依据评价结论,指导城市生态文明建设十分必要。文章在城市作为社会—经济—自然复合人工生态系统的理论基础上,分析了社会生态亚系统、经济生态亚系统及自然生态亚系统相互作用关系和城市生态系统主要生物成分组成、结构与功能关系,系统的构建了符合中国国情的城市生态文明评价指标体系。该体系以生态经济、生态环境质量、生态社会为评价要素,下设12个一级指标及42个二级指标,为评价中国城市生态文明建设水平提供科学依据。     

典型重化工园区产能增加对城市O3浓度影响

重化工园区产能增加将加大园区挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放总量,进而影响本地及周边城市O₃浓度.珠三角实施的“VOCs倍量替代”政策可在城市层面有效抵消重化工园区VOCs排放量上升的不利影响,还可进一步降低城市VOCs排放总量,实现区域O₃浓度下降.以惠州市某大型重化工园区为例,编制2018—2020年重化工园区产能增加以及实施“VOCs倍量替代”政策的污染物排放清单,基于WRF-CMAQ模拟体系,定量分析多种情景下园区在基准年(2017年)7—10月气象条件下对惠州市及周边城市O₃影响程度.研究表明,重化工园区增产而增加VOCs排放4101.96 t,“VOCs倍量替代”综合减排余量7298.97 t;“VOCs倍量替代”政策可有效解决重化工园区增产对O₃浓度的不利影响,其中7月最为显著,主导东南风下风向的深圳市及惠州市大亚湾管委会站点O₃浓度降幅最大,分别为3.9μg·m^-3(下降率2.97%)和7μg·m^-3(下降率4.95%);...     

车辆通过交叉口的生态驾驶轨迹优化研究

车辆在道路交叉口经常出现启停和怠速现象,交叉口成为了道路交通网络中高能耗高排放的重要区域.因此需要对车辆通过交叉口的生态驾驶轨迹进行优化研究.首先将当前信号状态分为六种情景,利用数学模型对不同情景下车辆通过交叉口的驾驶轨迹进行定量表达;然后将交叉口上游和下游整体考虑,针对各情景建立了生态驾驶策略模型和生态驾驶轨迹优化算法;最后假定情景并设定参数,利用MATLAB开发程序,结合基于机动车比功率参数的排放量化模型,对各驾驶轨迹的排放进行仿真模拟.模拟结果表明:构建的生态驾驶轨迹优化算法,可使车辆CO2、NOx、CO、HC4种排放物分别降低30.1％、23.6％、24.9％、21.5％,可为面向生态的驾驶辅助系统开发提供应用算法.