内凹型蜂窝结构在冲击载荷作用下的力学行为及响应特性研究

为减少危险化学品爆炸事故造成的大量应急救援人员伤亡,提升应急救援人员防爆服的防爆能力,有效抵御由爆炸产生的冲击波、破片及高温对人体造成的伤害。研究了具有负泊松比效应的内凹蜂窝结构,通过准静态及激波管冲击实验,对比分析了传统蜂窝结构与内凹蜂窝结构在力学特性、吸能效果与冲击波衰减效率等方面的差异;通过改变内凹蜂窝中结构单元的凹角、尺寸以及构成蜂窝结构的原材料实现对蜂窝结构的优化设计,并对优化后的蜂窝结构吸能特性以及冲击波在结构中的衰减规律进行研究和综合分析。结果表明:内凹蜂窝结构单元的最佳尺寸为3.4 mm,最佳凹角为30°,最佳材料为钛合金。研究成果为寻求同时满足轻质高强、抗冲击和吸能效果要求的结构设计方案提供了理论基础。     

爆炸冲击环境下内凹蜂窝型梯度结构响应特性研究*

为提升应急救援人员防护服抗爆能力,减少爆炸事故中人员伤亡数量,以内凹蜂窝型梯度结构为研究对象,采用爆炸冲击实验与数值有限元法相结合的研究手段,通过改变胞元尺寸与胞元凹角对梯度蜂窝结构进行优化,分析梯度结构在爆炸冲击环境下冲击波衰减效率和力学响应规律。结果表明:同等质量条件下,内凹蜂窝结构尺寸梯度为2.58 mm-3.40 mm-2.58 mm、角度梯度30°-22.5°-30°时对冲击波的衰减效应最佳,衰减效率分别为85.44%,82.29%。研究结果可为同时满足轻质、高强抗爆要求的防护服结构设计提供技术支撑。     

Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes

• A way for overflow control based on on-site coagulation/flocculation was proposed. • Coagulant and flocculant dose were optimized based on pollutant removal performance. • Settling time of 5 min is enough in a proper transmission distance. • Fast removal of particulate pollutants could be achieved under varied flow. The pollution caused by wet weather overflow in urban drainage systems is a main factor causing blackening an odorization of urban rivers. The conventional overflow treatment based on coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage systems requires relatively large space and long retention time demand that makes it not applicable in crowded urban drainage systems or under heavy rains. On-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes was proposed in this study which was aimed to transfer the coagulation/flocculation process to the inside of pipes at the terminal drainage system to save space and reduce the retention time of the coagulation/flocculation process. The optimized dose of chemicals was studied first which was 80 mg/L of coagulant and 0.8 mg/L of flocculant. Settling for only 5 min can remove most of the pollutants at 406.5 m of transmission distance. In addition, the relation of wet weather overflow rate and concentration of pollution load on the on-site coagulation/flocculation process was investigated, which indicated that high removal of pollutant was gained at a large range of flow velocity and pollutant concentration. Finally, the study confirmed electric neutralization, bridging, and net capture as the major mechanisms in this process, and further optimization was proposed. The proposed process can reduce much turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorous, but hardly remove soluble ammonia and organics. This work provides scientific guidance to address wet weather overflow in terminal drainage pipes.     

背角无齿蚌硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因的克隆及2,4-二氯苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚和五氯苯酚对其表达的影响

硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(SeGPx)是一类广泛存在于生物体内的重要抗氧化酶,SeGPx可将有毒的过氧化物还原成无毒的羟基化合物,从而保护细胞膜结构及功能不受过氧化物干扰和损害.为了探讨2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯苯酚(PCP)对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的胁迫效应,本研究克隆出AwSeGPx全基因序列,分析2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP对AwSeGPx表达的影响.AwSeGPx的cDNA序列全长870 bp,开放阅读框为585 bp,编码195个氨基酸.推导的AwSeGPx蛋白序列包括GPx家族标签序列(68LGFPCNQF75)和活性位点序列(156WNFEKF161)、一个典型终止密码子(165TGA167)编码的硒代半胱氨酸(U44)、酶催化活性相关保守氨基酸位点:谷氨酰胺(Q74)、精氨酸(R94和R151)和色氨酸(W156).在相同浓度条件下,PCP对背角无齿蚌毒性效应大于2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP.与对照组相比,浓度60、120、240、480和960μg·L-1的2,4-DCP处理后肝胰腺AwSeGPxmRNA水平增加了1.79倍以上(P<0.05);浓度100、200、400和800μg·L-1的2,4,6-TCP处理后AwSeGPxmRNA水平增加了1.01倍以上(P<0.05);浓度20、40、80、160和320μg·L-1 PCP处理能够显著诱导AwSeGPx的表达.以上结果表明,2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP处理对背角无齿蚌肝胰腺中AwSeGPx表达具有明显的诱导作用,这种诱导效应与动物提高过氧化物的还原能力和增强环境的耐受能力密切相关.     

洱海水华高风险期水体氮磷变化及其指示意义

为揭示水华高风险期水体氮磷变化对洱海的指示意义,结合洱海2009年、2013年和2018年采样检测数据及三维荧光、紫外光谱技术,研究了洱海上覆水氮磷组成和结构变化及影响因素.结果表明:①ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均先降后升,由2009年氮磷以DON(0.231 mg/L,占36.90%)和DOP(0.016 mg/L,占42.05%)为主,转变为2018年以NH₄+-N(0.197 mg/L,占32.89%)和PP(0.033 mg/L,占70.00%)为主,NH₄+-N和溶解性有机氮磷质量浓度变化是引起氮磷变化的主要因子.各形态氮磷质量浓度空间变化差异较大,北部和中部湖区ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)及其增幅均大于南部湖区;ρ(DON)在北部和南部湖区总体呈下降的趋势,中部湖区ρ(DON)先降后升,增幅为3.32%;ρ(DOP)在北部和中部呈递减,南部湖区则先升后降,总体增加了70.21%;ρ(NH₄+-N)在中部和南部湖区显著增加,北部湖区先降后升.②上覆水氮磷质量浓度及形态时空变化受外源负荷、内源释放和藻类生长共同影响,其中入湖河流是影响氮磷质量浓度变化的主因,且农村生活污染和农田面源污染影响也较大;有机氮磷变化主要受外源输入和湖泊微生物代谢影响,而ρ(NH₄+-N)变化则主要受沉积物释放和藻类生长影响.③洱海水华高风险期上覆水腐殖化程度明显降低,有机氮磷分子量减小,而活性增加,一定程度上可促进藻类生长.研究显示,近10年洱海氮磷质量浓度有增加趋势,有机氮磷质量浓度虽有所下降,但其活性较高,藻类水华风险并未降低,除进一步加强外源负荷控制,关注TN和TP的同时,洱海保护治理还应关注有机氮磷输入以及中部和南部湖区沉积物氮磷释放的水质影响.