An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

火星水手谷滑坡体体积的计算方法研究

火星滑坡研究对地球上高速远程滑坡形成机制具有借鉴意义,其中火星滑坡体体积的计算是调查难点之一。基于NASA火星侦查轨道器背景摄影技术,借助谷歌地球软件,对火星水手谷中的12处典型滑坡进行了识别与分析。运用Alfred S.McEwen公式和方格网两种方法,计算了火星滑坡体的体积V,得出火星水手谷中12处典型滑坡体的体积平均在1 500km3,最高可达5 452.4km3。采用数理统计理论,发现滑坡体体积V与堆积区域面积D满足V=103.046 D1.036,滑坡体高度H与滑移距离L之比(等效摩擦系数)与滑坡体体积V满足H/L=-0.029lgV+0.459的关系。分析滑坡体滑移距离L的影响因素,得出滑坡体滑移距离L与滑坡体体积V和滑坡体高度H基本呈正相关。将火星滑坡体体积计算结果与地球上217处滑坡统计数据进行对比,发现火星滑坡具有体积大、滑移距离远、低等效摩擦系数等特点。     

尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2014年先后采集河水7组,井水13组,泉水10组,共计30组水样.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了尼洋河流域河水、泉水和井水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了尼洋河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水、井水及泉水中阳离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的84%以上;阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,占阴离子总量的97%以上;TDS介于79.11~290.48 mg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为165.21 mg·L~(-1),矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Mg·Ca)型水为主;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明,尼洋河流域水化学组分受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制,碳酸盐岩的溶解也起到非常重要的作用.     

基于ERRS选址模型的地下应急物流系统建设研究

地下物流系统（ULS）可缓解地面交通压力,为保障ULS正常运行,利用数学建模技术,研究建设基于应急资源储备站（ERRS）选址模型的地下应急物流系统（UELS）。首先根据地面拥堵指数（TPI）,构建ULS的节点群和路径;其次考虑救援时间、覆盖范围及区域数量等因素,在节点群内选建ERRS,分2步共同建立救援时间最短和建站成本最小的多目标ERRS选址模型;然后,根据系统工程相关知识,建立地下应急物流系统（UELS）模型,包含基于ERRS的UELS硬件基础设施、地下应急管理体系的信息化平台、地下应急指挥系统3大部分。研究结果表明:通过建立地下应急物流系统（UELS）可为正处在探索发展阶段的地下物流系统及其应急管理工作提供理论支持。     

矿井水中微量有机污染物的深度处理

本文对华北地区某矿务局进行矿井水中微量有机污染物现状调查的基础上，结合目前国内外城市生活饮用水中微量有机污染物处理研究的资料，初步分析和介绍了矿井水中微量有机污染物的来 要污染物的种类及目前国内研究已较的处理方法，为矿井水的深度处理衣资源化提出一个新的研究方向。     

干旱季节水库水质pH值增高原因探析

随着水库蓄水量的减少,水生生物快速大量生长,破坏了水体中碳酸氢盐的水解平衡,伴随生物利用水中二氧化碳进行光合作用的过程,水中氢氧根离子含量增加,氢氧根离子又使碳酸氢根的电离平衡向生成碳酸根离子方向移动,导致水中碳酸根离子浓度增大,总碱度增加,同时湖库底质盐碱土和草甸土的碳酸氢盐以及碳酸盐的平衡释放也使水体的碳酸氢盐得到外源补充.周而复始使水体的碳酸盐碱度和总碱度不断增加,pH也逐步增高.在相对往年引入嫩江水容量较少的情况下,干旱、高温、少雨、水体表面的物理蒸发和生物蒸腾作用,水库水容量急剧减少,上述情况进一步加剧.并通过对水库出口的碱度进行修正,推算出水体的生物量,和理论生物量计算值相符合.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel.     

几种复合型除尘器及我国除尘器的应用状况和前景

本文简化介绍了几种复合型除尘器的结构、原理、特点及目前的应用发展情况，指出了今后除尘器的发展方向和前景；概述了我国除尘器应用的状况，指出了我国除尘器发展的方向。     

硅酸盐细菌JF88菌株磷化作用的研究

作者分离到硅酸盐细菌JF88菌株，经鉴定为邻单胞菌属（Plesiomonas)，经28℃110RPM培养144h后，测得磷转化强度是磷细菌MB1的15．79倍，用直接计数法测得JF88菌株的生长超过MB1菌株。该菌株在阿须贝无氮培养基上生长良好，具有良好的应用前景。     

对推进地(市)级地震紧急救援工作的探讨

本文从制定完善的地震紧急救援预案、加强地震速报、建立专业化的地震紧急救援队伍、建立地震紧急救援工作数据信息库和充分利用现代高科技手段服务于地震紧急救援工作五个方面对推进地(市)级地震紧急救援工作进行了深入探讨,提出了地(市)级地震紧急救援工作的努力方向和工作方法。