高压脉冲放电处理含氰废水的影响因素探讨

焦化废水中含有大量的氰化物,必须采取有效措施进行去除,传统去除方法运行成本高、操作复杂,针对此问题,提出了用高压毫微秒脉冲产生的非平衡等离子体处理含氰废水的方法,对其影响因素pH值、放电时间、气流量、放电条件等进行了大量的实验研究。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为9．09,放电2h,放电电压46kV时氰化物的去除率最高可达93．2％,氰化物的质量浓度可降至0．26mg／L。实验对比了放电与不放电氰化物的去除效果,结果表明相同条件下放电后氰化物的去除率大大提高,为焦化废水中氰化物的去除提出了一种新的方法。     

中国挥发性有机物污染防治政策及对监测技术的管理需求

本文通过梳理现行的挥发性有机物污染防治政策法规和方法标准,结合国外经验,提出了现阶段挥发性有机物污染防治政策体系。尽管起步较晚,但陆续实施的挥发性有机物排污收费和总量控制机制,已经对污染物监测提出了明确的管理需求。虽然离线检测技术具有良好的灵敏度和响应度,但使用FID和NDIR法的在线和便携仪器响应时间短、数据连续,可以实现对挥发性有机物污染的实时追踪,更好地满足污染预警、应急执法等环境管理新需求。     

利用磷肥生产废弃物制备4A分子筛

以磷肥生产废弃物氟硅酸制备氟化铵溶液时副产的白碳黑为原料,以铝矾土为铝源,制备了晶化导向剂,并采用水热法制备了4A分子筛.考察了晶化导向剂加入量、晶化时间和晶化温度对4A分子筛性能的影响.实验结果表明,当晶化导向剂的加入量为7%(质量分数)、晶化温度为80℃、晶化时间为2 h时,制备的4A分子筛的钙交换容量(以CaCO_3计)为336 mg/g,并采用X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对4A分子筛的结构进行了表征.     

Effect of two biogas residues’ application on copper and zinc fractionation and release in different soils

Biogas residue (BR) is widely used as a new green fertilizer in agriculture in China. However, it often contains a high concentration of heavy metals so its application should cause our concern. An incubation experiment was conducted to study the risk of pig biogas residue (PBR) and chicken biogas residue (CBR) application on Liuminying soil (LS) and Yixing soil (YS). The soils were incubated for one, three and six months with 0, 2%, 4% and 6% addition of BRs. According to BCR extraction results, the PBR and CBR applications induced an increase in the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Zn. As for the concentration of exchangeable fraction of Cu, an increase was only observed in the treatments with PBR application. The heavy metal binding intensity also showed a similar trend. With the PBR application, for the LS and YS, the highest concentrations of exchangeable Zn increased 3.6 and 9.5 times, respectively, while the exchangeable Cu was increased by 52.6% and 187.1%. Dissolved organic carbon was the limiting factor for the exchangeable Cu while the exchangeable Zn was controlled by soil pH. PBR presented more agricultural risk than CBR when used as fertilizer. Meanwhile, BRs were more adaptable to LS than YS according to the heavy metal release results.     

Effect of temperature on anoxic metabolism of nitrites to nitrous oxide by polyphosphate accumulating organisms

Temperature is an important physical factor, which strongly influences biomass and metabolic activity. In this study, the effects of temperature on the anoxic metabolism of nitrite(NO-2) to nitrous oxide(N2O) by polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and the process of the accumulation of N2O(during nitrite reduction), which acts as an electron acceptor, were investigated using 91% ± 4% Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis sludge. The results showed that N2O is accumulated when Accumulibacter first utilize nitrite instead of oxygen as the sole electron acceptor during the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Properties such as nitrite reduction rate, phosphorus uptake rate, N2O reduction rate, and polyhydroxyalkanoate degradation rate were all influenced by temperature variation(over the range from 10 to 30°C reaching maximum values at 25°C). The reduction rate of N2O by N2O reductase was more sensitive to temperature when N2O was utilized as the sole electron acceptor instead of NO2, and the N2O reduction rates, ranging from 0.48 to 3.53 N2O-N/(hr·g VSS), increased to 1.45 to 8.60 mg N2O-N/(hr·g VSS). The kinetics processes for temperature variation of 10 to 30°C were(θ1 = 1.140–1.216 and θ2= 1.139–1.167). In the range of 10°C to 30°C, almost all of the anoxic stoichiometry was sensitive to temperature changes. In addition, a rise in N2O reduction activity leading to a decrease in N2O accumulation in long term operations at the optimal temperature(27°C calculated by the Arrhenius model).     

氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存对氯苯生物降解影响

通过分析贡献因子的方法,对氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存时对氯苯生物降解性能的影响及作用机制进行了研究。结果表明：邻二氯苯、间二氯苯的共存有利于整个体系的降解,但氯苯的耗氧速率有所降低,竞争和共代谢作用是它们的作用机制;对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯的共存会抑制整个体系及氯苯的降解,抑制作用是它们的作用机制。     

电子设计竞赛与大学生创新能力培养

本文探讨了大学生电子设计竞赛对促进实践教学的重要作用,电子设计竞赛对大学生创新能力培养的作用,论述了高校深化实践教学改革与培养学生创新精神、创新能力的必要性。     

温榆河水化学特征演变及其影响因素分析

通过对1980—2006年温榆河主要离子浓度和比例及北京市社会经济发展的综合分析,探讨了温榆河水化学特征的演变及其影响因素.结果表明,温榆河河水呈盐渍化趋势,其中1991—2006年温榆河水的Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-及TDS浓度显著上升,而HCO₃^-浓度保持稳定,总溶解性固体(TDS)浓度多年平均值为678.0 mg·L^-1,略高于1970年代北运河土门楼站TDS的661.4 mg·L^-1.温榆河水化学类型为重碳酸盐钙、镁、钠型,自然因素中主要受岩石风化和蒸发作用的控制.与岩石风化及蒸发作用等自然因素相比,农田排涝和城市退水等人为因素在温榆河1980—2006年水化学特征演变过程中具有更为显著的影响,并且K⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺受人类活动影响较大.Pearson相关分析结果表明,北京市社会经济发展对温榆河河水中K⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-的浓度变化影响显著,其中K⁺与人口密度、人均GDP、钾肥施用量和道路面积之间呈显著性正相关(r>0.7,p<0.01),与耕地面积、粮食播种面积、灌溉面积、农业用水呈极显著性负相关(r <-0.7,p<0.01);Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-与城市化率和煤炭使用率均呈显著性正相关(r>0.49,p<0.05).该研究结果可为今后北京市合理开发利用温榆河水资源和建设温榆河绿色生态走廊提供科学依据.     

应用概率物种敏感度分布法研究太湖铜水生生物水质基准

运用概率物种敏感度分布法获得太湖水体中铜的急性水质基准值为14.57μg·L-1,慢性水质基准值为3.26μg·L-1;不同类别物种敏感性存在差异,无脊椎动物较脊椎动物更敏感,甲壳类敏感性大于鱼类。概率物种敏感度分布法与传统的物种敏感度分布法相比,更全面合理地考虑多种毒性效应,曲线拟合效果好,受数据量大小影响较小,结果更加稳定。研究结论可为铜水质标准的修订和太湖流域水环境管理提供技术支持。