基于毒理基因组学的PBDE-209和镉联合毒性效应研究

多污染物引发的联合毒性是环境污染物风险评价中的重要问题之一,然而此类研究相对不足.多溴联苯醚和重金属镉可在多种环境介质中共存,虽对其各自单独暴露所产生的毒性已有相对明确的认识,但对二者联合毒性效应及其分子机制的探索仍十分有限.生物信息学的发展为污染物的健康效应研究提供了一种新的思路.为此,本研究基于比较毒理基因组学数据库(CTD)分析了十溴联苯醚和镉在单独或共同暴露下所影响的基因和相关疾病,推测两种污染物对胎儿红系造血过程产生的潜在影响,并进一步整合外源红系细胞基因表达数据库中的基因芯片确证二者共同影响的基因集合.同时,通过对这些基因集合进行生物学过程和信号通路富集分析,筛选出潜在的靶基因JAK3和AKT2,并在无显著细胞毒性的暴露条件下,通过体外细胞实验验证了十溴联苯醚和镉对这两个靶基因表达的干扰.本研究结果可为预防多溴联苯醚和重金属的联合暴露风险提供一定的科学依据,同时,CTD数据库和外源特定疾病发生发展相关基因表达数据库联合使用,并结合传统毒理学研究手段的评价模式,可为污染物的共同暴露与特定疾病的相关性及分子机理的探索在研究思路和技术手段上提供参考.     

小球藻对多种重金属吸附性能的研究

微藻是一种广泛存在、生长速度快、适宜大规模养殖的结构简单的植物.近年来,基于微藻的水污染控制技术被广泛研究并得到认可,其中,利用藻类吸附污染水体中的重金属类物质更被看作是一种极具前景的水处理手段.然而,当前的研究始终对藻类吸附重金属性能的决定性影响因素缺乏相对全面的探究,同时对藻类表面官能团在吸附过程中所起的作用也不明确.对此,本研究采取静态实验的方法,选取常见的淡水藻类小球藻Chlorella sp.和典型重金属Ni （Ⅱ）、Cr （VI）、Cd （Ⅱ）,以藻细胞密度、重金属离子浓度、温度、pH作为影响因素,探究其对小球藻细胞吸附性能的影响.结果表明,小球藻对Ni （Ⅱ）、Cr （VI）、Cd （Ⅱ）均显示出了很好的吸附能力.在所选的几种藻细胞密度下,小球藻吸附性能差异不大.当溶液处于中性偏酸性、重金属浓度低于5 mg·L^-1的情况下,小球藻吸附效果最好.在20~30℃范围内升高温度对吸附会产生有利影响.对小球藻进行红外光谱检测发现,官能团C—O、C=O、—COOH、—NH—在对重金属离子的吸附过程中起主要作用.     

Household hazardous waste quantification,characterization and management in China’s cities: A case study of Suzhou

A four-stage systematic tracking survey of 240 households was conducted from the summer of 2011 to the spring of 2012 in a Chinese city of Suzhou to determine the characteristics of household hazardous waste (HHW) generated by the city. Factor analysis and a regression model were used to study the major driving forces of HHW generation. The results indicate that the rate of HHW generation was 6.16 (0.16–31.74, 95% CI) g/person/day, which accounted for 2.23% of the household solid waste stream. The major waste categories contributing to total HHW were home cleaning products (21.33%), medicines (17.67%) and personal care products (15.19%). Packaging and containers (one-way) and products (single-use) accounted for over 80% of total HHW generation, implying a considerable potential to mitigate HHW generation by changing the packaging design and materials used by manufacturing enterprises. Strong correlations were observed between HHW generation (g/person/day) and the driving forces group of “household structure” and “consumer preferences” (among which the educational level of the household financial manager has the greatest impact). Furthermore, the HHW generation stream in Suzhou suggested the influence of another set of variables, such as local customs and culture, consumption patterns, and urban residential life-style. This study emphasizes that HHW should be categorized at its source (residential households) as an important step toward controlling the HHW hazards of Chinese cities.     

New insight into scale inhibition during tea brewing: Ca2+/Mg2+ complexing and alkalinity consumption

Scale not only affects the taste and color of water, but also increases the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with drinking it. As a popular beverage, tea is rich many substances that have considerable potential for scale inhibition, including protein, tea polyphenols and organic acids. In this study, the effect of tea brewing on scale formation was explored. It was found that the proteins, catechins and organic acids in tea leaves could be released when the green tea was brewed in water with sufficient hardness and alkalinity. The tea-released protein was able to provide carboxyl groups to chelate with calcium ions (Ca²⁺), preventing the Ca²⁺ from reacting with the carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻). The B rings of catechins were another important structure in the complexation of Ca²⁺ and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺). The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the organic acids was able to form five-membered chelating rings with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, resulting in a significant decrease in Ca²⁺ from 100.0 to 60.0 mg/L. Additionally, the hydrogen ions (H⁺) provided by the organic acids consumed and decreased the alkalinity of the water from 250.0 to 131.4 mg/L, leading to a remarkable reduction in pH from 8.93 to 7.73. It further prevented the bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) from producing CO₃²⁻ when the water was heated. The reaction of the tea constituents with the hardness and alkalinity inhibited the formation of scale, leading to a significant decrease in turbidity from 10.6 to 1.4 NTU. Overall, this study provides information to help build towards an understanding of the scale inhibition properties of tea and the prospects of tea for anti-scaling in industrial applications.     

环境中抗药基因水平转移研究进展

抗药基因是一种新型环境污染物,一旦被致病菌获得,将导致抗生素的临床使用失效,从而危害公共健康。抗药基因可通过转移因子在细菌间传播,加剧抗药基因的扩散效应,提升了环境健康风险性,因此抗药基因水平转移受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了抗药基因水平转移的分子机制,总结了不同环境中各种抗药基因水平转移途径的研究现状,并对该领域将来的研究方向提出了展望,以期为环境中抗药基因的调查评估、污染控制及合理管理提供理论参考。     

山东省2015年PM2.5和O3污染时空分布特征

利用中国环境监测总站的城市空气质量自动监测数据,分析了2015年山东省细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布特征,并初步探讨了其与气象要素的相互关系。研究发现：山东省PM_2.5年均质量浓度和年超标天数的空间分布均呈现由东部向西部递增的趋势,半岛地区的浓度最低,其他地区浓度均较高,年均质量浓度最大值出现在德州（101 μg/m³）。各城市PM_2.5的月均质量浓度均呈现出季节性变化,冬季最高,夏季最低。O₃-8h年均值和O₃年超标天数的空间分布与PM_2.5不同,半岛地区污染天数最少,其次为南部地区,中部地区和西北部地区污染最为严重并且各区域的城市之间O₃污染情况存在较大差异,具有明显的局地性特征。O₃质量浓度在春末夏初最高,超标现象主要出现在5—8月。分析各城市PM_2.5污染和O₃污染的协同性与差异性发现,虽然不同城市之间两者污染情况存在一定差异,但整体上看,山东省大气复合污染特征明显,全年有10个城市的PM_2.5和O₃同时超标天数都在20 d以上,并且该现象主要发生在夏季。夏季高温低湿的大陆气团控制更有利于O₃和PM_2.5叠加共存形成复合型污染。温度≥26℃时,O₃-8 h与PM_2.5日均质量浓度的相关系数为0.63,相对湿度≤60%时,两者相关系数为0.69。此外,当在大陆气团的控制下发生O₃污染时,相对湿度的提高更有利于PM_2.5浓度的增加。     

不同溶氧条件下九龙江口湿地沉积物一水界面氨氮释放与氧化规律

摘要：沉积物中氨氮（NH4^＋-N）的释放与氧化是河口湿地生态系统氮素生物地球化学循环的关键过程。本文通过室内模拟,构建饱和（BH）、好氧（HY）、缺氧（QY）和厌氧（YY）等四种上覆水溶氧（DO）条件,研究九龙江口湿地两种沉积物（红树林、光滩）中NH4^＋-N在沉积物-水界面的释放与氧化规律。结果表明,不同溶氧条件下,两种沉积物氨氮的释放、氧化存在显著差异。首先,红树林沉积物上覆水NH4^＋-NN的累积释放量是光滩沉积物的1．9-4．5倍,其中红树林沉积物上覆水NH4LN释放量分别达到1．64mg（BH）、2．07mg（HY）、3．47mg（QY）和3．20mg（YY）,而光滩沉积物则分别为0．85mg（BH）、1．00mg（HY）、0．77mg（QY）和1．27mg（YY）。在较高DO条件下两种沉积物NH。’一N均呈低释放状态,而在较低DO条件下则呈高释放状态。另外,四种溶氧条件下红树林沉积物NH4^＋-NN的释放速率（N43．73-78．51mg-m^-2-d^-1）和氧化速率（N26．19-40．68mg-m^-2-d^-1）均高于光滩（分别为N14．50-19．22mg-m^-2-d^-1和N8．89-22．53mg-m^-2-d^-1）,原因可能是红树林沉积物微生物种类丰富,群落多样性更高,矿化和硝化作用强烈。本文明晰了不同溶氧条件下河口红树林湿地沉积物NH4^＋-N的迁移转化过程,可促进滨海湿地的生态保护以及近海水域富营养化的控制。     

喹啉降解菌的降解效果考察

为了探索石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,在考察石油污染土壤理化性质的基础上,选择喹啉作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到155株降解喹啉污染物的高效降解菌株,从中选择降解效率较高的2株喹啉降解菌命名为Q5和Q24,进行喹啉的降解性能研究,比较了单一优势菌株、人工复合菌群和土壤中的自然菌群对喹啉的降解情况。实验结果表明,石油污染土壤中自然菌群对喹啉的降解效果好于单一的优势菌株和人工复合菌群。