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81.
Complex socio-environmental risks challenge society. In response to scientific uncertainty and socio-political controversies,
environmental governance, precaution, and the ecosystem approach to management are held forward as complements to governmental
risk-based sector-restricted regulation. We analyze this development for hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. Based on
interviews and policy analysis, we study informal governance and, in particular, four central EU and international policies,
and investigate how present governance relates to risks and objectives at hand. While showing emergence of broader governance
approaches, we conclude that central objectives will not likely be met. Furthermore, we question the quest for broad environmental
governance and emphasize the value of command and control regulation, if it implements precaution. These findings contribute
to the theorizing on environmental (risk) governance. Finally, we provide some ideas that could help development and implementation
of risk policies for hazardous chemicals in the Baltic Sea as well as other complex risks. 相似文献
82.
Water concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and non-ortho, mono-ortho, and non-dioxin-like PCBs were measured four times during 1 year in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea, to investigate background levels and distribution behaviour. Sampling sites included two rivers, an estuary, and the sea. Particulate and apparently dissolved concentrations were determined using active sampling (filters + PUFs), while freely dissolved concentrations were determined using passive sampling (POM-samplers). The distribution between particulate + colloidal and freely dissolved phases, in the form of TOC-normalized distribution ratios (KTOC), was found to be near or at equilibrium. The observed KTOC were not significantly different between sampling sites or seasons. For PCDD/Fs, the concentrations were significantly correlated to suspended particulate matter (SPM), while no correlation to organic carbon (TOC) was observed. In the estuary and the sea, PCB concentrations were correlated to TOC. The sorption of various congeners to SPM and TOC appeared to be related to both hydrophobicity and 3D-structure. The PCDD/F concentration in the sea decreased to one third in May, likely connected to the increased vertical flux of particles during the spring bloom. 相似文献
83.
Quantification of the resource recovery potential of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes
Elisa Allegrini Alberto Maresca Mikael Emil Olsson Maria Sommer Holtze Alessio Boldrin Thomas Fruergaard Astrup 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1627-1636
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plays an important role in many European waste management systems. However, increasing focus on resource criticality has raised concern regarding the possible loss of critical resources through MSWI. The primary form of solid output from waste incinerators is bottom ashes (BAs), which also have important resource potential. Based on a full-scale Danish recovery facility, detailed material and substance flow analyses (MFA and SFA) were carried out, in order to characterise the resource recovery potential of Danish BA: (i) based on historical and experimental data, all individual flows (representing different grain size fractions) within the recovery facility were quantified, (ii) the resource potential of ferrous (Fe) and non-ferrous (NFe) metals as well as rare earth elements (REE) was determined, (iii) recovery efficiencies were quantified for scrap metal and (iv) resource potential variability and recovery efficiencies were quantified based on a range of ashes from different incinerators. Recovery efficiencies for Fe and NFe reached 85% and 61%, respectively, with the resource potential of metals in BA before recovery being 7.2%ww for Fe and 2.2%ww for NFe. Considerable non-recovered resource potential was found in fine fraction (below 2 mm), where approximately 12% of the total NFe potential in the BA were left. REEs were detected in the ashes, but the levels were two or three orders of magnitude lower than typical ore concentrations. The lack of REE enrichment in BAs indicated that the post-incineration recovery of these resources may not be a likely option with current technology. Based on these results, it is recommended to focus on limiting REE-containing products in waste for incineration and improving pre-incineration sorting initiatives for these elements. 相似文献
84.
By-Catch Impacts in Fisheries: Utilizing the IUCN Red List Categories for Enhanced Product Level Assessment in Seafood LCAs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sara Hornborg Mikael Svensson Per Nilsson Friederike Ziegler 《Environmental management》2013,52(5):1239-1248
Overexploitation of fish stocks causes concern not only to fisheries managers and conservation biologists, but also engages seafood consumers; more integrated product perspectives would be useful. This could be provided by life cycle assessment (LCA); however, further complements of present LCA methodology are needed to assess seafood production, one being by-catch impacts. We studied the scientific rationale behind using the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species? for assessment of impacts relating to fish species’ vulnerability. For this purpose, the current Red List status of marine fish in Sweden was compared to the advice given in fisheries as well as key life history traits known to indicate sensitivity to high fishing pressure. Further, we quantified the amount of threatened fish (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered) that was discarded in demersal trawl fisheries on the Swedish west coast. The results showed that not only did the national Red List of marine fish have a high consistency with advice given in fisheries and indices of vulnerability, the different fishing practices studied were also found to have vastly different amounts of threatened fish discarded per kilo landing. The suggested approach is therefore promising as a carrier of aggregated information on the extent to which seafood production interferes with conservation priorities, in particular for species lacking adequate stock assessment. To enable extensive product comparisons, it is important to increase coverage of fish species by the global IUCN Red List, and to reconsider the appropriate assessment unit (species or stocks) in order to avoid false alarms. 相似文献
85.
Raymond H. G. Klaassen Roine Strandberg Mikael Hake Thomas Alerstam 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(9):1427-1432
We used novel Global Positioning System-based satellite telemetry to reconstruct daily time budgets on travelling days of
a long-distance migrant, the Osprey Pandion haliaetus, to reveal how landscape affects migratory performance. We compared daily travel routines between the Ospreys’ passage of
Europe and the Sahara. In Europe, where feeding habitat is abundant, Ospreys fed both before–after flights and during interruptions,
thus, combining migration with foraging. This resulted in a 2.7-h shorter daily flight period in Europe than in the Sahara.
A calculated energy budget indicated that a ‘fly-and-forage migration strategy’ is favourable in Europe because associated
benefits (energy intake) more than outweigh costs (reduced flight time). The much shorter flight time in Europe was the main
explanation why Ospreys covered on average 78 km less distance on a travelling day in Europe than in the Sahara. In addition,
there were regional differences in hourly flight speeds that are most probably the result of variation in thermal soaring
conditions. We conclude that landscape properties have a profound effect on migration through regional variation in daily
routines. 相似文献
86.
Mikael Jensen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(1):215-228
The concept of lifestyle is rather difficult to pin down. It is used in a variety of disciplines and related to many different problems. In our highly modern society, lifestyle is more often mentioned as something we need to change in order to achieve a sustainable development. Our main interest then is how we create and change a lifestyle. How can we understand why it is sometimes difficult to achieve change? In relation to terms like beliefs, desires, intentions, habits and artefacts six factors will be suggested. Within these factors we may have a foundation for a mechanism underlying the creation and change of lifestyle. A definition of the concept of lifestyle from a cognitive science perspective will also be suggested, as derived from the same foundation and terms related to it. 相似文献
87.
Improved benthic conditions compared to the 1990s were found during benthic investigations, including sediment and benthic
macrofauna in the inner Stockholm archipelago during 2008. In the 1990s, these areas were dominated by black and laminated
surface sediments and very sparse fauna. A clear relationship was found when comparing sediment status with the benthic macrofauna.
Reduced surface sediment and impoverished macroinvertebrate community was only found at one sampling station representing
an enclosed part of the inner archipelago, whereas the other seven stations, with depths ranging from 20 to 50 m, had oxidized
surface sediments and considerable biomasses of benthic macrofauna (6–65 g m−2) dominated by the invading polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta. An extrapolation of the results shows that, within the investigated area, the coverage of reduced surface sediments had decreased
from approximately 17% in the late 1990s to 4% in 2008. 相似文献
88.
Thomas Prade Lovisa Björnsson Mikael Lantz Serina Ahlgren 《Journal of Land Use Science》2017,12(6):407-441
The increasing biofuel production from agricultural crops has been suggested to cause indirect land use change (iLUC). This increases interest in biofuel feedstocks that qualify as iLUC-free: (1) residues without a market, (2) crops from previously unused arable land, (3) additional crops and (4) biomass from intensified production. In the present study, biofuel potential from such feedstocks was quantified for Sweden and compared against the predicted biofuel demand from agricultural resources in 2030. The results indicate that straw (category 1) could cover up to 37% of future biofuel demand. Grass leys from intensified production (category 4), set-aside and abandoned land (category 2) and excess grass silage (category 1) could cover up to 79%. Intermediate and ecological focus area crops (category 3) could contribute up to 21%. To realize the biofuel targets, a high implementation rate of additional iLUC-free feedstock is needed. Future studies need to investigate impacts of low-iLUC policies. 相似文献
89.
Sofia Ribeiro Mikael K. Sejr Audrey Limoges Maija Heikkilä Thorbjørn Joest Andersen Petra Tallberg Kaarina Weckström Katrine Husum Matthias Forwick Tage Dalsgaard Guillaume Massé Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz Søren Rysgaard 《Ambio》2017,46(1):106-118
In order to establish a baseline for proxy-based reconstructions for the Young Sound–Tyrolerfjord system (Northeast Greenland), we analysed the spatial distribution of primary production and sea ice proxies in surface sediments from the fjord, against monitoring data from the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring Programme. Clear spatial gradients in organic carbon and biogenic silica contents reflected marine influence, nutrient availability and river-induced turbidity, in good agreement with in situ measurements. The sea ice proxy IP25 was detected at all sites but at low concentrations, indicating that IP25 records from fjords need to be carefully considered and not directly compared to marine settings. The sea ice-associated biomarker HBI III revealed an open-water signature, with highest concentrations near the mid-July ice edge. This proxy evaluation is an important step towards reliable palaeoenvironmental reconstructions that will, ultimately, contribute to better predictions for this High Arctic ecosystem in a warming climate. 相似文献
90.