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21.
Changes in the directions of transport policy in the UK in the last few years have led to a wider consideration of possible measures to bring about behavioural change, in particular measures which have the potential to reduce car dependence. Among the measures currently being implemented by local authorities are public awareness or travel awareness campaigns. This paper examines the findings of a research project which evaluated a travel awareness scheme in the context of an integrated transport policy. The research project monitored the attitudes, beliefs and intentions of a sample of the residents who had been targeted by the Maidstone Initiative for Sustainable Transport (MIST) implemented by Kent County Council and Maidstone Borough Council. The research project found some remarkably consistent attitudes about car and bus travel over a period of three years, It also found that whilst people seem to be aware of the impact of travel on the environment they do not consider the environmental impact with the same degree of importance as other attributes of travel. A further finding was a hidden desire to switch modes from the car. The paper will conclude by looking critically at the future for travel awareness campaigns. 相似文献
22.
Ocean acidification, as a result of increased atmospheric CO2, is predicted to lower the pH of seawater to between pH 7.6 and 7.8 over the next 100 years. The greatest changes are expected
in polar waters. Our research aimed to examine how echinoid larvae are affected by lower pH, and if effects are more pronounced
in polar species. We examined the effects of lowered pH on larvae from tropical (Tripneustes gratilla), temperate (Pseudechinus huttoni, Evechinus chloroticus), and a polar species (Sterechinus neumayeri) in a series of laboratory experiments. Larvae were reared in a range of lower pH seawater (pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 7.7, 7.8
and ambient), adjusted by bubbling CO2 gas. The effect of pH on somatic and skeletal growth, calcification index, development and survival were quantified, while
SEM examination of the larval skeleton provided information on the effects of seawater pH on the fine-scale skeletal morphology.
Lowering pH resulted in a decrease in survival in all species, but only below pH 7.0. The size of larvae were reduced at lowered
pH, but the external morphology (shape) was unaffected. Calcification of the larval skeleton was significantly reduced (13.8–36.9%
lower) under lowered pH, with the exception of the Antarctic species, which showed no significant difference. SEM examination
revealed a degradation of the larval skeletons of Pseudechinus and Evechinus when grown in reduced pH. Sterechinus and Tripneustes showed no apparent difference in the skeletal fine structure under lowered pH. The study confirms the need to look beyond
mortality as a single endpoint when considering the effects of ocean acidification that may occur through the 21st century,
and instead, look for a suite of more subtle changes, which may indirectly affect the functioning of larval stages. 相似文献
23.
Max A. Moritz Tadashi J. Moody Lori J. Miles Matthew M. Smith Perry de Valpine 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(2):271-289
Statistical characterization of past fire regimes is important for both the ecology and management of fire-prone ecosystems.
Survival analysis—or fire frequency analysis as it is often called in the fire literature—has increasingly been used over
the last few decades to examine fire interval distributions. These distributions can be generated from a variety of sources
(e.g., tree rings and stand age patterns), and analysis typically involves fitting the Weibull model. Given the widespread
use of fire frequency analysis and the increasing availability of mapped fire history data, our goal has been to review and
to examine some of the issues faced in applying these methods in a spatially explicit context. In particular, through a case
study on the massive Cedar Fire in 2003 in southern California, we examine sensitivities of parameter estimates to the spatial
resolution of sampling, point- and area-based methods for assigning sample values, current age surfaces versus historical
intervals in generating distributions, and the inclusion of censored (i.e., incomplete) observations. Weibull parameter estimates
were found to be roughly consistent with previous fire frequency analyses for shrublands (i.e., median age at burning of ~30–50 years
and relatively low age dependency). Results indicate, however, that the inclusion or omission of censored observations can
have a substantial effect on parameter estimates, far more than other decisions about specifics of sampling.
相似文献
Max A. MoritzEmail: |
24.
Glenn Lurman Till Blaser Miles Lamare Koh-Siang Tan Hans Poertner Lloyd S. Peck Simon A. Morley 《Marine Biology》2010,157(8):1705-1712
Temperature and mitochondrial plasticity are well studied in fishes, but little is known about this relationship in invertebrates.
The effects of habitat temperature on mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined in three con-familial limpets from the Antarctic
(Nacella concinna), New Zealand (Cellana ornata), and Singapore (Cellana radiata). The effects of seasonal changes in temperature were also examined in winter and summer C. ornata. Stereological methods showed that limpet pedal myocytes were 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller in diameter (≈3.5 μm) than
in vertebrates, and that the diameter did not vary as a function of temperature. Mitochondrial volume density (Vv(mt,f)) was approximately 2–4 times higher in N. concinna (0.024) than in the other species (0.01 and 0.006), which were not significantly different from each other. Mitochondrial
cristae surface density (Sv(im,mt)) was significantly lower in summer C. ornata (24.1 ± 0.50 μm2 μm−3) than both winter C. ornata (32.3 ± 0.95 μm2 μm−3) and N. concinna (34.3 ± 4.43 μm2 μm−3). The surface area of mitochondrial cristae per unit fibre volume was significantly higher in N. concinna, due largely to the greater mitochondrial volume density. These results and previous studies indicate that mitochondrial
proliferation in the cold is a common, but not universal response by different species from different thermal habitats. Seasonal
temperature decreases on the other hand, leading preferentially to an increase in cristae surface density. Stereological measures
also showed that energetic reserves, i.e. lipid droplets and glycogen in the pedal muscle changed greatly with season and
species. This was most likely related to gametogenesis and spawning. 相似文献
25.
Natasha A. Hardy Miles Lamare Sven Uthicke Kennedy Wolfe Steve Doo Symon Dworjanyn Maria Byrne 《Marine Biology》2014,161(2):395-409
The thermal envelope of development to the larval stage of two echinoids from eastern Australia was characterized to determine whether they fill their potential latitudinal ranges as indicated by tolerance limits. The tropical sand dollar, Arachnoides placenta, a species that is not known to have shifted its range, was investigated in Townsville, northern Australia (19°20′S, 146°77′E), during its autumn spawning season (May 2012). The subtropical/temperate sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, a species that has undergone poleward range expansion, was investigated in Sydney, southern Australia (33°58′S, 151°14′E), during its winter spawning season (August 2012). The thermal tolerance of development was determined in embryos and larvae reared at twelve temperatures. For A. placenta, the ambient water temperature near Townsville and experimental control were 24 °C and treatments ranged from 14 to 37 °C. For C. rodgersii, ambient Sydney water temperature and experimental control were 17 °C, and the treatment range was 9–31 °C. A. placenta had a broader developmental thermal envelope (14 °C range 17–31 °C) than C. rodgersii (9 °C range 13–22 °C). Both species developed successfully at temperatures well below ambient, suggesting that cooler water is not a barrier to poleward migration for either species. Both species presently live near the upper thermal limits for larval development, and future ocean warming could lead to contractions of their northern range limits. This study provides insights into the factors influencing the realized and potential distribution of planktonic life stages and changes to adult distribution in response to global change. 相似文献
26.
Miles GP Samuel MA Zhang Y Ellis BE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,138(2):230-237
The recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O(3)) concentrations promotes additional oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues, resulting in the activation of genes whose products enable the stressed cells to retain their integrity and function. This response is made possible by an integration of highly regulated signaling networks that mediate the perception of, and response to, this oxidative assault. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ROS-induced signaling has been shown to flow through a protein phosphorylation cascade involving the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) AtMPK3 (MPK3) and AtMPK6 (MPK6). We found that RNAi-mediated silencing of MPK6 renders the plant more sensitive to ozone, as determined by visible leaf damage. The MPK6-RNAi genotype also displayed a more intense and prolonged activation of MPK3 compared to that of WT plants. An MPK3 loss-of-function genotype is similarly very sensitive to ozone, and displays an abnormally prolonged MPK6 activation profile, suggesting reciprocity in regulation between these two MAPKs. 相似文献
27.
Appleton JD Miles JC Green BM Larmour R 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1687-1697
The scope for using Tellus Project airborne gamma-ray spectrometer and soil geochemical data to predict the probability of houses in Northern Ireland having high indoor radon concentrations is evaluated, in a pilot study in the southeast of the province, by comparing these data statistically with in-house radon measurements. There is generally good agreement between radon maps modelled from the airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data using multivariate linear regression analysis and conventional radon maps which depend solely on geological and indoor radon data. The radon maps based on the Tellus Project data identify some additional areas where the radon risk appears to be relatively high compared with the conventional radon maps. One of the ways of validating radon maps modelled on the Tellus Project data will be to carry out additional indoor measurements in these areas. 相似文献
28.
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in metallic elements in industrialized aquatic bird habitats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined the potential for exposure of migratory aquatic birds to contaminants in highly industrialized habitats at Baltimore Harbor, Maryland. Seven nearshore, benthic sites were sampled every 3 or 6 months from June 1987 to December 1988. Twenty metallic elements were measured in composites (i.e. annelids, amphipods, and isopods were pooled), clams, and sediments. Elevated concentrations were widespread throughout the sites, depending on the element. Most concentrations in composites were lowest at sites innermost and outside the harbor. Higher concentrations in composites were not related to season. Most concentrations were higher in composites than in sediments or clams, but they varied by element for clams and sediments. The largest flock of wintering waterfowl frequented the site exhibiting the highest concentrations of most elements ( [Formula: see text] ). Average concentrations of known toxic elements were probably not harmful to aquatic birds or their prey, but the highest detected concentrations of eight elements warrant caution. At least eight other elements exceeded background concentrations, but toxicity to birds or their prey are unknown. 相似文献
29.
The need to recover and recycle valuable resources from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is of growing importance as increasing amounts are generated due to shorter product life cycles, market expansions, new product developments and, higher consumption and production rates. The European Commission (EC) directive, 2002/96/EC, on WEEE became law in UK in January 2007 setting targets to recover up to 80% of all WEEE generated.Printed Wire Board (PWB) and/or Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is an important component of WEEE with an ever increasing tonnage being generated. However, the lack of an accurate estimate for PCB production, future supply and uncertain demands of its recycled materials in international markets has provided the motivation to explore different approaches to recycle PCBs.The work contained in this paper focuses on a novel, dry separation methodology in which vertical vibration is used to separate the metallic and non-metallic fractions of PCBs. When PCBs were comminuted to less than 1 mm in size, metallic grades as high as 95% (measured by heavy liquid analysis) could be achieved in the recovered products. 相似文献
30.
Moore PA Miles D Burns R Pote D Berg K Choi IH 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(5):1395-1404
We measured NH? emissions from litter in broiler houses, during storage, and after land application and conducted a mass balance of N in poultry houses. Four state-of-the-art tunnel-ventilated broiler houses in northwest Arkansas were equipped with NH? sensors, anemometers, and data loggers to continuously record NH? concentrations and ventilation for 1 yr. Gaseous fluxes of NH?, N?O, CH?, and CO? from litter were measured. Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were quantified. Ammonia emissions during storage and after land application were measured. Ammonia emissions during the flock averaged approximately 15.2 kg per day-house (equivalent to 28.3 g NH?per bird marketed). Emissions between flocks equaled 9.09 g NH? per bird. Hence, in-house NH? emissions were 37.5 g NH? per bird, or 14.5 g kg(-1) bird marketed (50-d-old birds). The mass balance study showed N inputs for the year to the four houses totaled 71,340 kg N, with inputs from bedding, chicks, and feed equal to 303, 602, and 70,435 kg, respectively (equivalent to 0.60, 1.19, and 139.56 g N per bird). Nitrogen outputs totaled 70,396 kg N. Annual N output from birds marketed, NH? emissions, litter or cake, mortality, and NO? emissions was 39,485, 15,571, 14,464, 635, and 241 kg N, respectively (equivalent to 78.2, 30.8, 28.7, 1.3, and 0.5 g N per bird). The percent N recovery for the N mass balance study was 98.8%. Ammonia emissions from stacked litter during a 16-d storage period were 172 g Mg(-1) litter, which is equivalent to 0.18 g NH? per bird. Ammonia losses from poultry litter broadcast to pastures were 34 kg N ha (equivalent to 15% of total N applied or 7.91 g NH? per bird). When the litter was incorporated into the pasture using a new knifing technique, NH? losses were virtually zero. The total NH? emission factor for broilers measured in this study, which includes losses in-house, during storage, and after land application, was 45.6 g NH? per bird marketed. 相似文献