广西典型岩溶区农田土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集影响因素

为揭示岩溶区农田土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集主要影响因素,选择广西典型岩溶区根系土-水稻籽实Cd含量及土壤pH值、有机质（OM）、氧化物含量和质地数据,通过Spearman相关性分析和主成分分析（PCA）,开展了土壤理化性质对土壤和水稻籽实Cd含量的影响研究.结果表明,相比于全国土壤背景基准值,研究区土壤中总氧化铁（TFe₂O₃）、三氧化二铝（Al₂O₃）和氧化锰（MnO）相对富集,平均含量分别为20.2%、19.0%和0.2%,且区内广泛发育Fe-Mn结核;而二氧化硅（SiO₂）相对亏损,平均含量为41.0%,呈现出典型的"脱硅富铝铁"特征,表明研究区土壤经历了较强烈的风化淋溶作用.相关性分析结果显示,土壤TFe₂O₃和MnO含量分别与土壤总Cd含量和残渣态Cd百分比呈显著的正相关性,与有效态Cd含量、水稻籽实Cd含量和Cd的生物富集系数（BCF）呈显著的负相关性.PCA分析结果也显示,土壤TFe₂O₃和MnO含量是影响土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集的主要因素,而土壤pH值、OM和Al₂O₃含量等影响程度较小,SiO₂含量和土壤质地间接地影响土壤-作物系统Cd的迁移富集.综合研究认为,土壤在交替氧化和还原条件下所形成的新生体Fe-Mn结核对Cd具有较强的吸附和固定作用,导致Cd在残渣态中相对富集,降低了土壤Cd的活动性,因此Fe-Mn结核是研究区土壤Cd生物有效性的主要影响因素.     

高速列车运行中火灾状态结构安全分析

为了分析高速列车火灾时在紧急制动以后运行的安全性,选取列车在隧道内运行的场景,通过FDS软件模拟得到火灾后车体内温度场,基于一维热传导理论得到车体结构的温度场分布,在车体结构材料本构中考虑高温对强度及刚度的弱化影响,通过ABAQUS计算列车在最大压缩载荷和拉伸载荷作用下的应力分布和垂向位移。通过分析得到车体大面积温度在500℃左右;最大压缩载荷下车体底架前部构件出现断裂失效,底架中间出现裂纹,中间的垂向位移在42～80 mm之间,最大拉伸载荷下车体损伤略小,车体未出现断裂,底架前部和中间的垂向位移在40～50 mm范围内;底架中间高温是导致断裂失效的最主要原因,在隔热设计中需要对此重点考虑。     

新型防突装置对封隔器胶筒力学性能影响研

为了进一步保证封隔器安全坐封,提高封隔器胶筒的力学性能,基于现有成熟技术,设计了一种新型防突装置,分析了不同防突装置材料和结构参数对封隔器胶筒肩部突出、接触应力、Von Mises应力的影响。结果表明:新型封隔器肩部突出距离相比常规封隔器降低了63.35%,使胶筒不易被破坏,延长了胶筒的寿命;对防突装置材料和结构参数进行优选,选择材料为铝合金,距胶筒端面距离H=2.5mm,厚度B=0.5mm的新型防突装置;新型防突装置的设计与应用为封隔器坐封提供了安全保障。     

北京2009~2010年冬、春季PM2.5污染特征

针对北京地区冬季和春季PM_2.5污染特征进行研究.于2009年12月～2010年5月在城市点采集24h 大气颗粒物样品,进行颗粒物主要化学组分分析.冬季和春季颗粒物的平均质量浓度分别为（84.97±68.98）μg/m³和（65.25±45.76）μg/m³.冬季和春季颗粒物中二次组分（SNA+SOA）有重要贡献,二次组分分别占颗粒物质量浓度的49%和47%.冬春季重污染时期较强的源排放和低温、低风速、高相对湿度等不利的气象特征使得颗粒物中二次无机离子SNA（NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）的比重较干净天明显上升,其中硝酸盐贡献的增强最为显著.同时冬春季有机物中二次有机组分贡献显著.而受一次源的影响,冬春季重污染时期一次有机物的增强.     

OECD鱼类生物蓄积测试的优化策略研究

作为化学品风险管理中的重要环境行为参数,生物蓄积性不仅是分类、标签、评价和控制环境风险的基本指标,也是鉴别化学物质持久性和环境危害性的重要标准。2012年OECD颁布了新的生物蓄积测试方法,由此给生物蓄积优化策略带来了全新的挑战,原有的判别优化策略的方法需要作出新的发展与调整。针对新生物蓄积测试方法引发的优化策略挑战,通过层次研究及文献分析,归纳了基于OECD新305生物蓄积测试标准的优化测试策略,为优化、简化测试及化学品安全管理提供了科学基础。     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

Wastewater-nitrogen removal using polylactic acid/starch as carbon source: Optimization of operating parameters using response surface methodology

The use of PLA/starch blends for nitrogen removal was achieved. The influence of different operating parameters on responses was verified using RSM. The conditions for desired responses were successfully optimized simultaneously. Blends material may have a promising application prospect in the future. Nitrogen removal from ammonium-containing wastewater was conducted using polylactic acid (PLA)/starch blends as carbon source and carrier for functional bacteria. The exclusive and interactive influences of operating parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, stirring rate, and PLA-to-starch ratio (PLA proportion)) on nitrification (Y₁), denitrification (Y₂), and COD release rates (Y₃) were investigated through response surface methodology. Experimental results indicated that nitrogen removal could be successfully achieved in the PLA/starch blends through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The carbon release rate of the blends was controllable. The sensitivity of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ to different operating parameters also differed. The sequence for each response was as follows: for Y₁, pH>stirring rate>PLA proportion>temperature; for Y₂, pH>PLA proportion>temperature>stirring rate; and for Y₃, stirring rate>pH>PLA proportion>temperature. In this study, the following optimum conditions were observed: temperature, 32.0°C; pH 7.7; stirring rate, 200.0 r·min^-1; and PLA proportion, 0.4. Under these conditions, Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were 134.0 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, 160.9 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, and 7.6 × 10³ μg-O·g-blend^-1·h^-1, respectively. These results suggested that the PLA/starch blends may be an ideal packing material for nitrogen removal.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

施工企业HSE信息管理系统的设计与运用

为了进一步规范HSE日常业务管理,充分发挥HSE管理体系的内在作用,本文运用.NET计算机技术,构建了基于B/S架构的施工企业HSE信息管理Web系统。该系统以HSE管理体系为核心,实现统一HSE业务管理及报表工具、信息共享、HSE资料电子归档、数据统计分析、个人安全档案管理等功能。通过实际运用效果来看,HSE信息管理系统在促进HSE信息管理高效化、提升HSE管理水平等方面发挥了重要作用,最后论述了该系统存在的不足与改进建议,并指出融入PDA、物联网和可视化技术将为系统创造更加广阔的发展空间。