Major Energy Plants and Their Potential for Bioenergy Development in China

China is rich in energy plant resources. In this article, 64 plant species are identified as potential energy plants in China. The energy plant species include 38 oilseed crops, 5 starch-producing crops, 3 sugar-producing crops and 18 species for lignocellulosic biomass. The species were evaluated on the basis of their production capacity and their resistance to salt, drought, and/or low temperature stress. Ten plant species have high production and/or stress resistance and can be potentially developed as the candidate energy plants. Of these, four species could be the primary energy plants in China: Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.). We discuss the use of biotechnological techniques such as genome sequencing, molecular markers, and genetic transformation to improve energy plants. These techniques are being used to develop new cultivars and to analyze and manipulate genetic variation to improve attributes of energy plants in China.     

不同碳酸盐岩对铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中重金属迁移的影响

为探究岩溶环境制约下贵州喀斯特地区广泛存在的碳酸盐岩对铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中重金属生物有效性的影响,本文以黔西北土法炼锌废渣为研究对象,通过盆栽实验向改良后的废渣中施加两种典型天然碳酸盐岩(石灰岩、白云岩)及其主要成分的化学品(碳酸钙、碳酸镁),经种植黑麦草培育3个月后分析废渣基质中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属的形态变化与植物富集转运系数。结果表明:处理前铅锌废渣中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的总量分别为17 682、8 427.2、2 066、174.8 mg/kg,Cd的酸溶态比例最高,环境风险较大。与对照相比,施用天然碳酸盐岩(石灰岩、白云岩)或其主要化学成分的化学品(碳酸钙、碳酸镁)后均显著降低了铅锌废渣中酸溶态Cu、Pb、Cd的比例并增加了残渣态Zn的比例,5种添加物(石灰岩、白云岩、钙盐、镁盐、混合碳酸钙镁)施用均不同程度地增加了铅锌废渣中残渣态Cd的含量。添加量为4g/kg(即0.4%)时,与对照相比,5种添加物使黑麦草根和叶片中重金属Cd分别降低了3.62%～29.54%和28.21%～43.59%。冗余分析表明,根中Ca、Mg与酸溶态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd呈显著性负相关;两种典型碳酸盐岩(石灰岩和白云岩)及其主要成分的化学品添加形成的岩溶环境制约下,铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中多种重金属的生物有效性受到明显抑制,可有效减弱其上所种植物黑麦草对重金属的吸收。相关结果对喀斯特地区矿冶废渣堆场重金属污染的原位控制、矿山复垦及生态修复具有一定的理论参考和实践价值。     

湿法脱硫中石灰石溶解特性的模型及实验研究

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫中,石灰石的溶解影响到浆液吸收SO2的能力及吸收塔持浆池的大小.根据传质及化学离子平衡理论,建立了石灰石的溶解模型,并通过实验对模型进行了验证,结果表明,模拟结果与实验值基本一致,模型较好地反映出石灰石的溶解过程;在浆液pH较低的情况下,通过增强搅拌强度,可以明显提高石灰石的溶解速率,而在浆液...     

基于事故演化网络的旅游安全及风险防控研究

为做好旅游活动的安全管理和风险防控,构建旅游安全事故演化网络,从旅游事故演化的角度分析旅游中常见的事故类型及其演化过程;根据旅游事故发生的时序和相关程度将旅游安全事故分为4级,从事故节点的出入度、子网节点数和支链数进行分析,判断不同旅游事故的风险大小;此外,从不同结构演化链的角度,总结旅游事故演化的特征.结果表明:旅游...     

脱硫剂分形孔结构特性及其硫化活性的研究

钙基脱硫剂的分形特性反映了孔结构的物理信息和化学反应性能，在分形理论和气体在分形孔通道中的非线性扩散理论的基础上，结合实验，讨论了CaO孔结构的分形特性、SO2气体在分形孔通道中的扩散特性，并分析了SO2浓度分布对CaO的孔堵塞和不可进入孔形成的影响。结果表明：在一定的硫化条件下，脱硫剂分形特性影响着SO2在CaO孔隙中的浓度分布，SO2的浓度梯度越大，硫化过程中孔隙内部生成不可进入的孔隙越多，脱硫剂的孔隙利用率越低，越易失去硫化活性。     

云南铝厂阳极焙烧沥青烟气的干法净化

根据云南铝厂焙烧车间阳极焙烧的工艺状况以及产生的沥青烟的成分和特点 ,借鉴了国内外治理沥青烟的经验 ,采用干式电捕法 ,并且回收的沥青可返回生产系统。介绍了净化系统的工作原理、工艺流程和特点 ;阐述了净化系统的灭火防爆、全电离、带电喷淋清洗、沥青软化点控制、系统的自控联锁 5个主要特点。     

羰基镍急性中毒对大鼠骨髓细胞的DNA损伤

通过动物实验观察不同剂量羰基镍对大鼠骨髓细胞DNA损伤程度。采用SD大鼠,以135 mg·m~(-3)和250 mg·m~(-3)羰基镍为染毒组,250 mg·m~(-3)氯气为阳性对照组,静态方式染毒30 min。未染毒组为正常对照组,大鼠染毒后1、2、3和7 d分别采集样本。采用单细胞凝胶电泳检测每组大鼠骨髓细胞DNA的损伤程度。彗星尾长和Olive尾矩2个指标的分析结果表明,大鼠骨髓细胞DNA损伤程度随着羰基镍染毒剂量的增加而增加,在4个时间点各剂量组间均有显著差异(P0.05)且随时间的变化有一定的规律,损伤程度在3 d时达到最大,而后缓慢下降。羰基镍急性中毒对大鼠骨髓细胞DNA有一定的损伤,且存在剂量-效应关系,各剂量组损伤程度有一定的时间效应规律。     

Effects of two root-secreted phenolic compounds from a subalpine coniferous species on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass

In order to evaluate the ecological consequences and potential mechanisms of specific C compounds on soil microbial processes under climate warming, we injected solutions of two modelled root exudates, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester (DBP), respectively, into soil at two concentrations (20 and 1000?µg?g^?1 soil). For all treatments, soils amended with the two phenolic compounds were incubated at two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) for 30 days. The responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial property to modelled root exudates to some extent depended on temperature regime, exudation component, and addition concentration. For example, the addition of BHT tended to decrease the soil enzyme activities. However, DBP addition generally increased the two metabolic enzyme activities at 30°C, and tended to decrease the two enzyme activities at 20°C, but a significant reduction was observed only at a high concentration at 20°C. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity were generally lower at 30°C compared to those at 20°C, when averaged across all treatment combinations. Taken together, our results indicated that the amounts and quality of liable root-derived C can differentially affect microbial processes, and various environmental changes will greatly complicate root–microbe–soil interactions in forests.     

基于风险矩阵的灾害演化网络定量分析方法

针对使用度值定性分析灾害演化网络的局限性问题,为了使灾害演化风险分析结果更准确,提出了一种将灾害演化网络与风险矩阵有机结合的分析方法.在分析灾害演化网络结构特征和风险组成的理论基础上,考虑节点自身风险水平和灾害演化系统的综合风险水平,基于可能性和后果严重程度两大因素引入风险矩阵法,对灾害节点风险水平进行量化分级,并通过...