羟胺强化过渡金属活化过硫酸盐降解磺胺甲恶唑

以典型磺胺类抗生素—磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)为降解对象,选取赤铁矿(α-Fe_2O_3)、氧化钴(Co_2O_3)和氧化铜(CuO)3种过渡金属氧化物(M_xO_y),研究了羟胺(HA)对3种过渡金属氧化物活化过硫酸盐(PDS)降解SMZ的强化效果及机理.结果表明,HA对M_xO_y/PDS体系降解SMZ具有明显的促进作用,初始HA、PDS、M_xO_y和SMZ浓度均对SMZ的降解具有重要影响.电子顺磁共振(EPR)实验结果证实,α-Fe_2O_3/HA/PDS和Co_2O_3/HA/PDS体系中的主要活性自由基是·OH,而CuO/HA/PDS体系中SMZ的降解并不依赖于自由基的生成,表面活化态PDS是降解SMZ的主要活性物种.此外,采用高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱联用仪(HPLC-ESI-MS)检测了SMZ在Co_2O_3/HA/PDS体系中的降解产物.结果表明,SMZ主要通过3条路径进行降解矿化,分别为氨基官能团的硝基化、不饱和碳碳双键的羟基加成及磺胺键的断裂.     

原地异位建堆热脱附技术和设备在石油污染土壤修复中的应用

利用杰瑞环保科技有限公司自主研发生产的原地异位建堆热脱附设备对新疆某地区506 t石油污染土壤进行了修复处理实验,并在此基础上探讨了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域应用的相关技术问题。通过温度场模拟,为设备投入及修复堆体的搭建提供了参考数据;通过项目现场温升曲线,分析了升温效率与物料属性的关系。结果表明,含水率越低的物料升温速率越快。此外,通过对设备投入、石油污染土壤修复效果、修复过程运行能耗等方面进行综合分析,评估了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的有效性和实用性。本研究可为原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的工业化应用提供参考。     

Accumulation and quantitative estimates of airborne lead for a wild plant (Aster subulatus)

Foliar uptake of airborne lead is one of the pathways for Pb accumulation in plant organs. However, the approximate contributions of airborne Pb to plant organs are still unclear. In the present study, aerosols (nine-stage size-segregated aerosols and total suspended particulates), a wild plant species (Aster subulatus) and the corresponding soils were collected and Pb contents and isotopic ratios in these samples were analyzed. Average concentration of Pb was 96.5 ± 63.5 ng m⁻³ in total suspended particulates (TSP) and 20.4 ± 5.5 ng m⁻³ in the fine fractions of size-segregated aerosols (SSA) (<2.1 μm), higher than that in the coarser fractions (>2.1 μm) (6.38 ± 3.71 ng m⁻³). Enrichment factors show that aerosols and soils suffered from anthropogenic inputs and the fine fractions of the size-segregated aerosols enriched more Pb than the coarse fractions. The order of Pb contents in A. subulatus was roots > leaves > stems. The linear relationship of Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) among soil, plant and aerosol samples were found. Based on the simple binary Pb isotopic model using the mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios in TSP and in SSA, the approximate contributions of airborne Pb into plant leaves were 72.2% and 65.1%, respectively, suggesting that airborne Pb is the most important source for the Pb accumulation in leaves. So the combination of Pb isotope tracing and the simple binary Pb isotope model can assess the contribution of airborne Pb into plant leaves and may be of interest for risk assessment of the exposure to airborne Pb contamination.     

环境磁学在环境科学中的应用研究

综述了环境磁学发展进程中与环境问题的相互联系，以及磁学在气候、土壤、湖泊、生物和环境污染领域的广泛应用。分析了环境磁学进一步发展的研究方向。指出环境磁学以解决环境问题为主要目标。环境磁学方法所具有的样品用量少，灵敏度高，简便快速，非破坏性，费用低等特点，为研究环境问题提供了新途径和新方法。随着人类对环境问题的不断重视，利用环境磁学来追踪污染物的起源以及土壤，湖泊沉积物等物源将是环境磁学服务社会的重要内容。     

关于气溶胶颗粒物沉积率系数平均方法模型的改进研究

气溶胶颗粒物在壁面的沉积率系数模型的研究已经成为现代气溶胶动力学研究的重要课题.本文通过实验腔测量和理论分析相结合,对Koivisto等(2012)提出的平均方法模型(AM)中的关键参数(即时间间隔)的选取和对测量数据量的要求两个问题进行研究.选取目前广泛使用的最小二乘法模型(LSM)和Lai和Nazaroff(2000)提出的理论分析模型进行对比.研究发现,AM模型中的时间间隔这一关键参数,应由目前的50矫正为20;AM模型和LSM模型均要求实验测量数据个数等于或者大于10,但是AM模型在小数据量情况下的预测结果更精确.     

手工电弧焊过程危害分析及对策

电焊作业广泛地应用于压力容器、管道、设备的制造、安装、检维修作业以及建筑施工作业中.根据焊接条件的不同,可以将电弧焊分成许多种类,例如手工电弧焊、埋弧焊和气体保护电弧焊等,其中手工电弧焊是常用、简单易行的一种焊接方法.文章重点介绍了手工电弧焊焊接过程中的危害及预防对策.     

MoS2 quantum dots based MoS2/HKUST-1 composites for the highly efficient catalytic oxidation of elementary mercury

Due to the ever-tightening regulation on mercury emission in recent decades, there is an urgent need to develop novel materials for the removal of elemental mercury at coal-fired power plants. In this study, a series of MoS₂ quantum dots (QDs)-based MoS₂/HKUST-1 composite materials were prepared. It is found that MoS₂ QDs were encapsulated by HKUST-1 and enhanced the crystallinity and specific surface area of HKUST-1. The MoS₂/HKUST-1 showed excellent performance in catalytic oxidation of Hg⁰ as compared with pristine HKUST-1. It is found that surface layer of lattice oxygens is active and participates in Hg⁰ oxidation, while the consumption of surface oxygens then leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies on the surface. These vacancies are effective in the adsorption and dissociation of O₂, which subsequently participates in the oxidation of Hg⁰. Moreover, the study on the influence of commonly seen gas components, such as SO₂, NO, NH₃ and H₂O, etc., on Hg⁰ oxidation demonstrated that synergistic effects exist among these gas species. It is found that the presence of NO promotes the oxidation of Hg⁰ using oxygen as the oxidant.     

有机质官能团及微孔特性对疏水性有机污染物吸附的影响机制

作为重要的地质吸附剂,土壤/沉积物中的有机质是环境中疏水性有机污染物主要的汇.由于有机质的结构异质性,疏水性有机污染物一旦进入其中,会被吸附在不同的位点上,反应活性和生态风险进而会发生变化.对疏水性有机污染物在有机质上的吸附进行研究有助于了解其在环境中的分布,传输及生物有效性.本文就疏水性有机污染物在土壤/沉积物中的有机质上吸附的国内外研究进展进行了综述,讨论了重要有机质组分(腐殖质和碳黑)的结构和吸附作用差异性,重点分析了有机质的微孔特性和官能团对吸附的影响机制.     

一种真姬菇菌种质量整合定量评价方法

为建立真姬菇菌种质量的预判性指标,通过液体培养、可见光谱分析与结实性试验,开发了一种真姬菇菌种质量评价方法,并确立评价用培养基质组成(ρ/g L-1):马铃薯200.0,乳糖20.0,NH4NO3 2.0,MgSO4.7 H2O 0.5,KH2PO4 1.5,溴百里酚兰0.06,pH 7.0.结果显示,脱色率分别与单瓶产量、有效子实体数量及单个子实体重量呈极显著相关性.并通过灰色关联度分析,提出脱色率与菌种质量加权关联系数间拟合方程及显色反应与菌种质量加权关联系数间拟合方程:YDR=-221.26X2+490.75X-210.75;YCR=7.7379X-1.7118.拟合方程可用于真姬菇菌种质量的整合定量评价.表3参9     

基于视频识别的直接作业环节安全管控

概述了石化行业现场直接作业环节的安全管控现状,分析了现场管控过程中存在的问题。考虑现场安全管理和监督监控的实际需要,设计了石化行业直接作业现场智能化管控系统,并深入研究作业现场违章行为图像识别的关键技术。现场应用表明,系统充分体现了日常管理、实时监控、智能报警、统计分析等方面的便利性和有效性,各类违章行为图像识别准确率达到80%以上,具有一定的推广价值。