Waste converting through by-product synergy: an insight from three-echelon supply chain

By-product synergy (BPS) is an innovative method to convert waste into valuable by-products effectively. Based on a three-echelon supply chain composed of an upstream manufacturer, a processing plant with limited processing capacity, and a downstream manufacturer, this study derives the production quantity and waste disposal decisions of the upstream and downstream manufacturers as well as the optimal transfer price decision of the processing plant. Moreover, we assess the environmental performance of BPS. Analytical results suggest that the upstream manufacturer’s production quantity and waste disposal decisions and the processing plant’s transfer price decision are threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity, whereas the downstream manufacturer’s production quantity decision is threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials. BPS is beneficial for all members of the supply chain to increase profit. The production promotion and cost-saving effects ensure that the supply chain members maximize their profit. However, BPS does not always have a positive effect on the environment; when the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials are below the threshold, implementing BPS results in a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

     

我国燃煤电厂PM2.5减排潜力预测与分析

为研究燃煤电厂在燃煤发电机组结构优化调整和不同末端控制措施条件下PM_2.5的排放情况,以2012年为基准年,设计了分阶段、分地区不断优化的控制情景(基准、适中、加严和最严情景),并依据《大气细颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》建立的减排潜力模型对2017年、2020年和2030年我国燃煤电厂PM_2.5减排潜力及空间分布进行预测分析. 结果表明:通过燃煤发电机组结构优化调整,2017年、2020年和2030年我国燃煤电厂PM_2.5排放量与调整前相比可分别减少3.62×104、8.52×104和24.43×104 t,但相对于基准年而言,PM_2.5排放量并未减少;进一步结合末端控制措施优化进行控制,PM_2.5最大减排潜力(相对于基准年而言)可分别达到59.42×104±7.83×104、82.83×104±5.82×104和81.89×104±6.76×104 t,最高减排比例分别达到66.5%±8.8%、92.8%±6.5%和91.6%±7.6%. 我国各省(市/区)燃煤电厂PM_2.5减排潜力与其煤耗量和采取的控制措施有关,燃煤量越大,控制措施越严格,则减排潜力越大. 京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区燃煤电厂在实现超低排放,即最严情景下2017年PM_2.5减排潜力分别为5.93×104、12.04×104和4.70×104 t;2017年、2020年和2030年这3个区域PM_2.5总减排潜力分别为22.68×104、22.36×104和22.07×104 t. 内蒙古、江苏、山东、广东、河北和山西等地在实施超低排放后,其PM_2.5减排潜力均超过4×104 t,并且在全国范围内实施超低排放可显著降低我国燃煤电厂PM_2.5排放量.