曝气催化铁内电解法预处理混合化工废水

采用曝气催化铁内电解法对上海某工业污水场的进水进行预处理,降低了后续生化处理中难降解有机物的负荷,并较大程度地去除了正磷酸盐。废水中的有机物及正磷酸盐在两周的稳定运行中平均去除率分别达到52％和70％。废水经预处理后,pH平均上升0．5。     

土壤肥力长期定位试验研究初报

１９８７～１９９７年的土壤肥力长期定位试验结果表明：空白区的产量更能反映耕地基础地力的高低;在目前的施肥水平下,氮、磷、钾配合施用能增加土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮的含量;增施氮、钾肥能显著增加水稻产量。监测点较好地反映了广东省目前的农业生产状况,对农业生产具有一定的指导意义。     

阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析

阿特拉津是目前世界上广泛使用的除草剂之一,在我国主要使用于东北和华北地区。近年来我国一些地区接连发现了灌溉含有阿特拉津河水的水稻疫苗受害事件。以河北省宣化农药厂的生产工艺为例,通过使用概率评价的方法,进行了阿特拉津对水稻危害的风险分析研究结果表明,这种风险不仅与工厂废水中阿特拉津的排放有关,而且还取决于河水的流量及其风险率所得结果与该厂历史上的实际情况相吻合。     

Effects of alkaline and bioorganic amendments on cadmium,lead, zinc,and nutrient accumulation in brown rice and grain yield in acidic paddy fields contaminated with a mixture of heavy metals

Paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa L.) contaminated by mixed heavy metals have given rise to great concern. Field experiments were conducted over two cultivation seasons to study the effects of steel slag (SS), fly ash (FA), limestone (LS), bioorganic fertilizer (BF), and the combination of SS and BF (SSBF) on rice grain yield, Cd, Pb, and Zn and nutrient accumulation in brown rice, bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil as well as soil properties (pH and catalase), at two acidic paddy fields contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn). Compared to the controls, SS, LS, and SSBF at both low and high additions significantly elevated soil pH over both cultivation seasons. The high treatments of SS and SSBF markedly increased grain yields, the accumulation of P and Ca in brown rice and soil catalase activities in the first cultivation season. The most striking result was from SS application (4.0 t ha^?1) that consistently and significantly reduced the soil bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn by 38.5–91.2 % and the concentrations of Cd and Pb in brown rice by 20.9–50.9 % in the two soils over both cultivation seasons. LS addition (4.0 t ha^?1) also markedly reduced the bioavailable Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil and the Cd concentrations in brown rice. BF remobilized soil Cd and Pb leading to more accumulation of these metals in brown rice. The results showed that steel slag was most effective in the remediation of acidic paddy soils contaminated with mixed heavy metals.     

热解温度对污泥生物炭的表面特性及重金属安全性的影响

以一套中试干燥热解一体化处理设备,采用热解工艺,在300~600℃范围内对污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥进行了批处理,得到了系列污泥生物炭产品,并对其表面电荷、FT-IR图谱等进行了测试,对污泥及生物炭的重金属总量和DTPA可提取态进行了比较分析。研究表明,热解温度会影响生物炭表面电荷分布,而且在400℃时表面电荷分布最均匀。经热解反应后,污泥中的重金属总量虽然得到了一定程度的富集,但Pb,Zn,Cu,Fe和Mn 5种重金属的DTPA-可提取态的含量大幅度降低,因此,污泥生物炭中的重金属被惰性化,降低了环境风险。     

一种除臭复合菌剂的功能菌鉴定

根据微生物之间协同关系的微生态理论筛选、组合获得一种由6株功能菌组成的除臭复合菌剂,该复合菌剂对粪便原位除臭效果良好,对综合恶臭的平均去除率为54.97%,最大去除率为72.95%。通过16 S r DNA、18S r DNA和26S r DNA D1/D2区序列同源性分析,菌剂中的6种微生物为罗伦隐球酵母菌(Cryptococcus laurentii)、Bacillus safensis、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)和沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris),鉴定结果表明,复合菌剂中有酵母菌、芽孢杆菌、霉菌、乳酸菌及光合菌,这些功能菌属于当前生物除臭复合菌剂中的主流菌群。     

典型挥发性有机化合物在气体采样罐中的存储稳定性

选取了6种有代表性的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）,异丙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙烯酯、正己烷、苯和四氯化碳,实测了这些VOCs在气体采样罐（SUMMA罐）中的存储稳定性。结果表明：苯、正己烷和二氯甲烷在采样罐中均较稳定,其含量在84 d的存储期内基本无变化;乙酸乙烯酯在6个VOCs中最不稳定,在普通和惰性采样罐中含量均明显下降;异丙醇和四氯化碳的稳定性与采样罐的类型有关,在普通采样罐内含量下降明显,而在惰性采样罐内则相对稳定。实际监测工作中,为提高VOCs分析的准确性,如目标分析物有含氧类（醇,酮,酯等）或含卤素类VOCs,则采样后需尽快分析,同时尽量选择惰性采样罐为采样容器。     

美国化学物质数据报告制度的经验和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)中现有化学物质数据报告(CDR)制度的历史背景。介绍了CDR制度的基本内容、数据质量保证、主要修订情况,以及2012年CDR上报的化学物质数据信息汇总分析情况。针对2016年开展的新一轮CDR数据报告,总结了其最新的变化和具体要求。从建立化学物质信息收集制度、对现有化学物质进行分级管理、重点关注化学物质用途划分和归类,以及建立数据库和信息系统等4个方面,探讨了CDR制度对我国化学品环境管理的启示。     

Excellent performance of Cu-Mn/Ti-sepiolite catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

The Ti-modified sepiolite (Ti-Sep)-supported Mn-Cu mixed oxide (yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep) catalysts were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The materials were characterized by the X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscope, N₂ adsorption-desorption, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, and XPS techniques, and their catalytic activities for CO oxidation were evaluated. It was found that the catalytic activities of yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep were higher than those of 5Cu/Ti-Sep and 30Mn/Ti-Sep, and the Mn/Cu molar ratio had a distinct influence on catalytic activity of the sample. Among the yMn5Cu/Ti- Sep samples, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep catalyst showed the best activity (which also outperformed the 30Mn5Cu/Sep catalyst), giving the highest reaction rate of 0.875 × 10^–3 mmol·g^–1·s^–1 and the lowest T _50% and T _100% of 56°C and 86°C, respectively. Moreover, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep possessed the best low-temperature reducibility, the lowest O₂ desorption temperature, and the highest surface Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ atomic ratio. It is concluded that factors, such as the strong interaction between the copper or manganese oxides and the Ti-Sep support, good low-temperature reducibility, and good mobility of chemisorbed oxygen species, were responsible for the excellent catalytic activity of 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep.

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Total versus urban: Well-to-wheels assessment of criteria pollutant emissions from various vehicle/fuel systems

The potential impact on the environment of alternative vehicle/fuel systems needs to be evaluated, especially with respect to human health effects resulting from air pollution. We used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to examine the well-to-wheels (WTW) emissions of five criteria pollutants (VOCs, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and CO) for nine vehicle/fuel systems: (1) conventional gasoline vehicles; (2) conventional diesel vehicles; (3) ethanol (E85) flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) fueled with corn-based ethanol; (4) E85 FFVs fueled with switchgrass-based ethanol; (5) gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs); (6) diesel HEVs; (7) electric vehicles (EVs) charged using the average U.S. generation mix; (8) EVs charged using the California generation mix; and (9) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Pollutant emissions were separated into total and urban emissions to differentiate the locations of emissions, and emissions were presented by sources. The results show that WTW emissions of the vehicle/fuel systems differ significantly, in terms of not only the amounts but also with respect to locations and sources, both of which are important in evaluating alternative vehicle/fuel systems. E85 FFVs increase total emissions but reduce urban emissions by up to 30% because the majority of emissions are released from farming equipment, fertilizer manufacture, and ethanol plants, all of which are located in rural areas. HEVs reduce both total and urban emissions because of the improved fuel economy and lower emissions. While EVs significantly reduce total emissions of VOCs and CO by more than 90%, they increase total emissions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by 35–325%. However, EVs can reduce urban PM emissions by more than 40%. FCVs reduce VOCs, CO, and NO_x emissions, but they increase both total and urban PM emissions because of the high process emissions that occur during hydrogen production. This study emphasizes the importance of specifying a thorough life-cycle emissions inventory that can account for both the locations and sources of the emissions to assist in achieving a fair comparison of alternative vehicle/fuel options in terms of their environmental impacts.