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31.
Can choice of mutualistic partners and the degree of their utilization determine (1) mutualistic partner coexistence, (2) relative abundance of mutualistic partners, and (3) environment-dependent changes in relative abundance? We investigate these questions in the context of the plant-mycorrhizal fungal mutualism by building a biological market model potentially applicable to other mutualisms as well. We examine the situation where a single plant selectively utilizes member(s) of a group of ectomycorrhizal potential trading partners. Under biologically realistic circumstances, the plant may simultaneously utilize multiple partners, its degree of utilization determining the community structure of the fungi. If utilization of multiple partners is optimal, the marginal cost of acquiring additional nitrogen from every trading partner must be equal while the marginal cost of acquiring it from any unutilized partner must be larger. Because the plant's nitrogen demand is light dependent, the composition of the fungal species among its trading partners changes along light-availability gradients. We discuss the design of an experiment to test the key prediction of our model, the equalization of marginal cost. 相似文献
32.
Antić MP Jovancićević BS Ilić M Vrvić MM Schwarzbauer J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(5):320-327
Background, Aims and Scope It is well known that the composition of petroleum or some of its processing products changes in the environment mostly under
the influence of microorganisms. A series of experiments was conducted in order to define the optimum conditions for an efficient
biodegradation of petroleum pollutant, or bioremediation of different segments of the environment. The aim of these investigations
was to show to what extent the hydrocarbons of a petroleum pollutant are degraded by microbial cultures which were isolated
as dominant microorganisms from a surface water of a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant. Biodegradation
experiments were conducted on one paraffinic, and one naphthenic type of petroleum during a three month period under aerobic
conditions, varying the following parameters: Inorganic (Kp) or an organic medium (Bh) with or without exposition to light.
Methods Microorganisms were analyzed in a surface water sample from a canal (Pančevo, Serbia), into which wastewater from an oil
refinery and a nitrogen plant is released. The consortia of microorganisms were isolated from the water sample (most abundant
species: Phormidium foveolarum - filamentous Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae and Achanthes minutissima, diatoms, algae). The
simulation experiments of biodegradation were conducted with the biomass suspension and crude oils Sirakovo (Sir, paraffinic
type) and Velebit (Ve, naphthenic type). After a three month period, organic substance was extracted by means of chloroform.
In the extracts, the content of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids was determined (the
group composition). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, pristane and phytane, in the aliphatic fractions, were analyzed
using gas chromatography (GC). Total isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types were
analyzed by GC-MS.
Results and discussion. Paraffinic type petroleums have a significant loss of saturated hydrocarbons. For naphthenic type petroleum,
such a trend has not been observed. The most intensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes (in paraffinic
oil) and isoprenoids (in naphthenic oil) was observed using the inorganic medium Kp in the light; the microbial conversion
is somewhat lower with Kp in the dark; with organic medium Bh in the light the degradation is of low intensity; with the same
medium in the dark the degradation is hardly to be seen. Steranes and triterpanes were not affected by microbial degradation
under the conditions used in our experiments. Obviously, the petroleum biodegradation was restricted to the acyclic aliphatics
(n-alkanes and isoprenoids).
Conclusion Phormidium foveolarum (filamentous Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae) and Achanthes minutissima (diatoms, algae), microbial
cultures isolated as dominant algae from a surface water in a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant, have
degradable effects dominantly involving petroleum hydocarbons. Petroleum microbiological degradation is more intensive when
inorganic medium (in the light) is applied. Having in mind that the inorganic pollutants have been released into the canal
as well, this medium reflects more the natural environmental conditions. Polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane type,
in spite of the fact that these compounds could be degraded, have remained unchanged regarding abundance and distribution.
Since this is the case even for naphthenic type petroleum (which is depleted in n-alkanes), it can be concluded that the biodegradation
of petroleum type pollutants, under natural conditions, will be restrained to the n-alkane and isoprenoid degradation.
Recommendation and Outlook Performed experiments and simulations of petroleum microbiological degradation may serve for the prediction of the fate of
petroleum type pollutants, as well as for definition of conditions for bioremediation of some environmental segments. 相似文献
33.
Abstract The paper discusses the eutrophication phenomenon as a result of pollution from land-based sources with special reference to the experience gained in the Kas?tela Bay Project. The Bay of Kas?tela is a semi-enclosed bay of a total volume of 1.4 km3. It receives a great amount of untreated waste water, both domestic and industrial. Results of the analyses of long-term data series of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency and phytoplankton have shown a continuous increase of eutrophication in the Bay. While the concentration of oxygen in the euphotic layer increases due to a higher phytoplankton productivity, in the bottom layer it decreases as a result of the activity of heterotrophic bacteria. the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio in sea water has decreased, and today is much lower than in the open sea. From the Secchi-disc data it is clear that transparency has also decreased for the last three decades. Primary production as well as phytoplankton biomass has also increased. the structure of phytoplankton community has been changed and dinoflagellate species have become dominant rather than diatoms. 相似文献
34.
35.
Klara Hilscherova Miroslav Machala Kurunthachalam Kannan Alan L. Blankenship John P. Giesy 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2000,7(3):159-171
In vitro cell bioassays are useful techniques for the determination of receptor-mediated activities in environmental samples containing complex mixtures of contaminants. The cell bioassays determine contamination by pollutants that act through specific modes of action. This article presents strategies for the evaluation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-(hereafter referred as dioxin-like) or estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated activities of potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in complex environmental mixtures. Extracts from various types of environmental or food matrices can be tested by this technique to evaluate their 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQs) or estrogenic equivalents (E2-EQs) and to identify contaminated samples that need further investigation using resource-intensive instrumental analyses. Fractionation of sample extracts exhibiting significant activities, and subsequent reanalysis with the bioassays can identify important classes of contaminants that are responsible for the observed activity. Effect-directed chemical analysis is performed only for the active fractions to determine the responsible compounds. Mass-balance estimates of all major compounds contributing to the observed effects can be calculated to determine if all of the activity has been identified, and to assess the potential for interactions such as synergism or antagonism among contaminants present in the complex mixtures. The bioassay approach is an efficient (fast and cost effective) screening system to identify the samples of interest and to provide basic information for further analysis and risk evaluation. 相似文献
36.
Russo Fabiana Ceci Andrea Maggi Oriana Siciliano Antonietta Guida Marco Petrangeli Papini Marco Černík Miroslav Persiani Anna Maria 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(24):24445-24461
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The study of the soil microbial community represents an important step in better understanding the environmental context. Therefore, biological... 相似文献
37.
Pokorná Petra Leoni Cecilia Schwarz Jaroslav Ondráček Jakub Ondráčková Lucie Vodička Petr Zíková Naděžda Moravec Pavel Bendl Jan Klán Miroslav Hovorka Jan Zhao Yongjing Cliff Steven S. Ždímal Vladimír Hopke Philip K. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(31):38631-38643
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Moravian-Silesian region of the Czech Republic with its capital city Ostrava is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter... 相似文献
38.
39.
Miroslav Mišík Michael Kundi Clemens Pichler Metka Filipic Bernhard Rainer Katarina Mišíková Armen Nersesyan Siegfried Knasmueller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(15):14730-14738
Cytostatic drugs are among the most toxic chemicals which are produced. Many of them cause damage of the genetic material which may affect the fertility of higher organisms. To study the impact of the widely used anticancer drugs [cisplatin (CisPt), etoposide (Et), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] on the reproduction of higher plants, pollen abortion experiments were conducted with species which belong to major plant families, namely with Tradescantia paludosa (Commelinaceae), Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae), and Alisma plantago-aquatica (Alismataceae). All compounds increased the frequencies of abortive grains. The lowest effective doses were in general in a narrow range (i.e., 1 and 10 mg/kg of dry soil). The effects of the individual drugs were similar in T. paludosa, A. plantago-aquatica, and Ch. majus, while A. thaliana was consistently less sensitive. The highest abortion rate was obtained in most experiments with CisPt, followed by 5-FU and Et. Comparisons of the doses which caused effects in the present experiments in the different species with the predicted environment concentrations and with the levels of the cytostatics which were detected in hospital wastewaters show that the realistic environmental concentrations of the drugs are 4–6 orders of magnitude lower. Therefore, it is unlikely that these drugs affect the fertility of higher plants in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 相似文献
40.
The variations of aluminium species in mountainous forest soils and its implications to soil acidification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Monika?BradováEmail author Václav?Tejnecky Lubo??Bor?vka Karel?Něme?ek Christopher?Ash Ond?ej??ebek Miroslav?Svoboda Jitka?Zenáhlíková Ond?ej?Drábek 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2015,22(21):16676-16687
Aluminium (Al) speciation is a characteristic that can be used as a tool for describing the soil acidification process. The question that was answered is how tree species (beech vs spruce) and type of soil horizon affect Al speciation. Our hypotesis is that spruce and beech forest vegetation are able to modify the chemical characteristics of organic horizon, hence the content of Al species. Moreover, these characteristics are seasonally dependent. To answer these questions, a detailed chromatographic speciation of Al in forest soils under contrasting tree species was performed. The Jizera Mountains area (Czech Republic) was chosen as a representative mountainous soil ecosystem. A basic forestry survey was performed on the investigated area. Soil and precipitation samples (throughfall, stemflow) were collected under both beech and spruce stands at monthly intervals from April to November during the years 2008–2011. Total aluminium content and Al speciation, pH, and dissolved organic carbon were determined in aqueous soil extracts and in precipitation samples. We found that the most important factors affecting the chemistry of soils, hence content of the Al species, are soil horizons and vegetation cover. pH strongly affects the amount of Al species under both forests. Fermentation (F) and humified (H) organic horizons contain a higher content of water extractable Al and Al3+ compared to organo-mineral (A) and mineral horizons (B). With increasing soil profile depth, the amount of water extractable Al, Al3+ and moisture decreases. The prevailing water-extractable species of Al in all studied soils and profiles under both spruce and beech forests were organically bound monovalent Al species. Distinct seasonal variations in organic and mineral soil horizons were found under both spruce and beech forests. Maximum concentrations of water-extractable Al and Al3+ were determined in the summer, and the lowest in spring. 相似文献