Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

Methane/coal dust/air explosions and their suppression by solid particle suppressing agents in a large-scale experimental tube

Methane/coal dust/air explosions under strong ignition conditions have been studied in a 199 mm inner diameter and 30.8 m long horizontal tube. A fuel gas/air manifold assembly was used to introduce methane and air into the experimental tube, and an array of 44 equally spaced dust dispersion units was used to disperse coal dust particles into the tube. The methane/coal dust/air mixture was ignited by a 7 m long epoxypropane mist cloud explosion. A deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) was observed, and a self-sustained detonation wave characterized by the existence of a transverse wave was propagated in the methane/coal dust/air mixtures.The suppressing effects on methane/coal dust/air mixture explosions of three solid particle suppressing agents have been studied. Coal dust and the suppressing agent were injected into the experimental tube by the dust dispersion units. The length of the suppression was 14 m. The suppression agents examined in this study comprised ABC powder, SiO₂ powder, and rock dust powder (CaCO₃). Methane/coal dust/air explosions can be efficiently suppressed by the suppression agents characterized by the rapid decrease in overpressure and propagating velocity of the explosion waves.     

Towards Sustainable Integrated Watershed Ecosystem Management: A Case Study in Dingxi on the Loess Plateau, China

The Chinese government initiated a massive conservation program called “Grain-for-Green” in 1999 to reduce soil erosion and improve ecosystem function. Implementing practical sustainable development in the loess plateau still remains problematic, particularly in its eco-fragile areas. Here we discussed an approach for sustainable development at the watershed scale by integrating land use suitability, ecosystem services and public participation in the loess hilly area. We linked land use scenario analysis and economic modeling to compare the outcomes of three scenarios, CLU (Current Land Use), GOLU (Grain-production Oriented Land Use) and PSLU (Potential Sustainable Land Use). The results indicated that compared to PSLU, GOLU may provide a higher economic productivity in the short-term, but not in the long-term. CLU ranked lowest in terms of economic benefits and did not meet the daily needs of the local farmers. To reconcile the land use adjustments with farmers’ basic needs, a labor-saving land use strategy is necessary. Since the PSLU scenario assumes that slope cropland should be converted to pastures or orchards, more time may be available for off-farm work and for more public participation in integrated ecosystem management. Financial support to the local farmers for environmental conservation should be modulated in function of their positive contribution to ecosystem management.     

南通龙王桥河沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物的研究

本研究对南通通甲河支流龙王桥河的表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)随时间的变化情况,AVS与同步浸提重金属(SEM)的关系,以及AVS与有机质(OM)的关系进行了一个月的监测。结果表明:①龙王桥河表层沉积物中AVS的平均含量为1700mg/kg,远高于其他河段,上覆水中AVS的含量达到1.0mg/L,污染严重;②归一法算得SEM/AVS1,沉积物中重金属主要以硫化物形式存在;③沉积物中OM含量与AVS有相关性,OM较高时AVS的含量也较高。     

广西南宁发展燃料乙醇与节能减排的关系

摘要：根据生命周期评价,对燃料乙醇的节能和减排效果进行分析,依据发展规划,得出广西南宁发展燃料乙醇对节能减排的影响。结果表明,发展燃料乙醇将在节能和减排方面均产生积极作用,应加大在南宁乃至广西发展非粮燃料乙醇产业的力度。     

IC反应器处理罗汉果加工废液的启动研究

试验研究了IC反应器处理罗汉果加工废液的启动特性以及效果,并考察了启动过程中反应器的产气性能和菌群形态。结果表明,在保持进水量不变,逐步增加进水浓度以提高有机负荷的情况下,仅40d反应器便完成启动,此时,IC反应器的COD有机负荷达7.586kg/(m3·d),COD去除率达95.6%,反应器产气量可达20.9L/d,产气率达89.9%,其中甲烷含量高达74.6%。启动成功后,形成具有一定机械强度、密实且沉降性能良好的颗粒物污泥。颗粒污泥呈深灰色,粒径约为0.5～3.5mm。颗粒污泥中以球菌和链状杆菌占优势。     

Fenton氧化技术处理高浓度间苯三酚发酵液废水研究

Fenton试剂是一种氧化能力较强的氧化剂,广泛应用于废水处理中。生物合成技术的迅猛发展导致发酵废水量不断增大;发酵产生的水溶性中间体和产物以及后期产品分离过程中有机溶剂的使用为废水处理提出了新的挑战。本文利用Fenton试剂处理高浓度间苯三酚发酵液废水,考察了Fenton反应对COD去除率的最佳条件。通过实验得出的最佳条件为∶双氧水与COD的浓度比为1.5∶1,Fe2+与H2O2的最佳摩尔比为1∶12,最佳初始pH值为3.0,反应时间为5h。在此最佳条件下,废水COD的最大去除率为90.62%。通过多次Fenton反应得出,Fenton试剂对高浓度工业废水COD具有更好的去除率。     

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

It has been generally recognized that strategic environmental assessment integrates environment and development into decision-making and becomes an important decision-making tool for implementing sustainable development. This paper firstly introduces the relationships of SEA, public participation(PP)and information publicity(IP), then discusses the key parts in enforcing the effective process of PP: They are the methods for how to make sufficient information open (What), when to implement PP (When), who will determinate the public (Who), and how to make the models of PP (How). Six cases are compared and analyzed. At last, ways to improve the effectiveness of PP in China is also presented.     

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃标准参考物质的原料样品制备研究

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃(PAHs)标准参考物质是海洋环境沉积物监测分析中质量控制和质量保证的重要保障。由于缺少对相关原料样筛选研究,目前我国尚未有自主制备的海洋沉积物基质PAHs标准参考物质。通过海洋沉积物原始数据调研、定点筛查、实验室间验证等手段,对江苏近岸海域海洋沉积物原料样进行筛选研究。结果表明,连云港赣榆某入海口点位的海洋沉积物样品∑PAHs的质量分数为413μg/kg,该样品各粒径中的PAHs质量分数分布均匀,精密度能够满足我国海洋沉积物环境监测质量控制需求,可以为进一步制备海洋沉积物PAHs标准参考物质提供技术支持。     

2011~2019年中国工业源挥发性有机物排放特征

为阐明近年来我国工业源挥发性有机物（volatile organic compounds,VOCs）排放特征,对排放源分类体系进行完善并采用动态排放因子法,建立了2011~2019年中国工业源VOCs排放清单.结果表明,全国工业源VOCs排放量从2011年11122.7 kt增长到2017年13397.9 kt,而后增长势头得到遏制并略有下降,到2019年下降至13247.0 kt.4个环节的排放结构发生改变,基础化学原料制造、汽油储运、涂料、油墨、颜料及类似产品和工业防护涂料涂装等排放源对相应环节的排放贡献不断上升,相反汽车、集装箱制造与石油和天然气加工等行业排放贡献有所下降.2019年全国工业源VOCs排放中,工业涂装、印刷和基础化学原料制造排放量大（共占总量的39.2%）,且近9年排放占比不断增加,是今后需关注的重点排放源;空间上,华东和华南地区VOCs排放最多,山东、广东、江苏和浙江是贡献最大的4个省份,合计占总量的40.6%.