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301.
    
FateofpesticideN’(2,4dimethylphenyl)NmethylformamidehydrochlorideinsimulatedaquaticecosystemYangKewu,MoHanhong,AnFengchu...  相似文献   
302.
西藏错那县2007年8月10日暴发了一次大规模的泥石流灾害。本文首先介绍了灾害区的自然地理环境;然后分析了灾害发生的原因,认为本次灾害受地形、地质、水文气象条件与人类活动等因素综合决定,而特大暴雨是引发本次泥石流的直接原因;最后,针对研究区的社会条件和自然条件,提出了基本的防灾、减灾对策,主要包括以防为主,进行全县山地灾害调查、区划和必要的工程措施。  相似文献   
303.
保守性离子在包气带层状土中运移规律研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
为研究溶质在多层层状包气带土中运移规律,选取5种颗粒配比不同的土样填装成由粗及细和由细及粗两分层顺序相反的土柱,通过室内试验研究保守性Br-在两种不同结构层状土中基本运移规律。研究得出:当土体表层遭受浓度为200 g/L Na Br一次性污染,在15 mm/12 h降雨强度下,Br-在第1、2层土体浓度经历快速上升段、峰值段、下降段3个阶段变化,第3、4、5层土体浓度经历上升段、平稳下降段。试验结束时,Br-在由粗及细的土柱中分布较均匀,在由细及粗的土柱中集中在表层;溶质穿透整个土柱的时间,由粗及细结构比由细及粗结构提前96 h。结果表明,在截污性能和延缓溶质向地下水补给方面,由细及粗结构均要优于由粗及细的结构。  相似文献   
304.
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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.  相似文献   
305.
    
We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs. Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species. Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources. Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.  相似文献   
306.
    
Due to climate change and anthropogenic nutrients’ runoff into freshwater or shallow lakes, eutrophication caused by phosphorus (P) can be seen in the frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and excessive growth of macrophytes. Subsequently, decomposition of cyanobacterial bloom biomass (CBB) and macrophytes leads to massive autochthonous organic matter (OM) and creates hypoxia in bodies of water. In this study, we investigated the effects of OM and iron on phosphorus release from lake sediments under anaerobic conditions. As with CBB, the addition of cellulose also enhanced P release from sediments during microcosm experiments, while total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the overlying water displayed an inverse relationship to cellulose amendment, with high TP concentration (0.41?±?0.07?mg?L?1) observed in the treatment of less cellulose amendment (1?g of cellulose). In addition, P release from OM-rich sediments was effectively inhibited when amorphous FeOOH was added to the microcosms. P release was inhibited by 66–92% when the weight ratio between total Fe and total P in sediments varied from 18 to 60. Thus, iron treatment was useful to inhibit P release from OM-rich sediments, and could alleviate eutrophication problems.  相似文献   
307.
各土壤微量元素的形态分布特性有相似的规律,每个微量元素的各种形态都可以根据其对植物的有效性划分为两组.第一组形态分布百分率与植物有效性指数呈显著或极显著相关.第二组则呈显著或极显著负相关.因而第一组的形态为主要的有效养分源,第二组的形态很难为植物提供有效养分.减少相应元素转化成为第二组的形态和增加第一组各形态的储备容量是调节和控制土壤营养的重要措施.  相似文献   
308.
耕地保护具有量与质的内容,广东省近十几年来耕地锐减,仅1992—1993年两年就减少耕地16.177万hm2,且减少的大多数是良田,旱地相对增加,低肥力坡耕地比重增大,因此提高耕地质量更为重要。坡耕地水土流失严重,难以培肥,这与“三高”农业相悖。高产高质高效农业应以健全的土壤为基础;而培肥坡耕地,必先要搞好坡耕地的水土保持。因此必须总结保土培肥经验,加强对保土耕作技术的研究。  相似文献   
309.
农业面源是造成太湖富营养化的重要污染源。通过对太湖西岸重点保护区内农民进行随机入户调查,系统地研究了当地农民在水稻种植中的施肥行为特征及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)在普遍过度施用氮肥的背景下,个体农户在施肥量和施肥种类上存在显著差异;(2)农户施肥行为普遍具有主观性和盲目性的特征。农民的年龄阶段和其对控制化肥用量的态度对氮肥施用量具有显著性影响;(3)在分析化肥施用态度和环境意识对施肥量的影响中,出现了一些与预期相反的趋势。这进一步显示了当地农民在施肥方面缺乏科学引导,导致部分农民尽管存在着良好的控制化肥施用的意愿,却不知如何有效实施。因此,针对当地农民年龄大、文化低等普遍特征,有针对性地设计一些不用复杂模型和流程的简单施肥改善项目,并辅以参与激励措施与风险保障措施,在降低当地氮肥施用量和流失量方面具有巨大潜力,并对太湖流域的水污染控制起到事半功倍的效果  相似文献   
310.
Sierra Leone suffered from 11 years of civil war (1991-2002) resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and mutilations together with massive population displacement. In 2001, ARC International, Sierra Leone conducted a baseline survey of 201 commercial sex workers (CSWs) and 202 military respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding HIV/AIDS and STIs in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. In 2003, a comparable post-intervention survey of 202 CSWs and 205 military respondents was performed. Comparison of baseline and post-intervention results showed that HIV/AIDS knowledge increased among both groups, with those able to name three effective means of avoiding AIDS increasing from 5 per cent to 70 per cent among CSWs, and 11 to 75 per cent among the military. Reported condom use during last sex increased among CSWs from 38 to 68 per cent and among military from 39 to 68 per cent. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenges inherent in a post-conflict country, good-quality AIDS-prevention programmes can be effective.  相似文献   
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