流动注射催化光度法测定环境水样中的痕量亚硝酸根

基于在pH为2.7的一氯乙酸缓冲溶液中亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化亮绿具有催化作用,建立了测定环境水样中痕量亚硝酸根的流动注射催化光度法。在室温下,当溴酸钾浓度为0.15mol/L、亮绿溶液浓度为1.12×10-3mol/L时,该方法的线性范围为0.04～0.36mg/L,检出限为7.44×10-4mg/L,测定频率为60次/h,相对标准偏差为1.1%(n=11)。     

流动注射分光光度法测定水中铝的含量

以桑色素作显色剂,采用流动注射分光光度法测定水中铝的含量。在桑色素质量浓度为0．8g／L、聚氧乙烯辛基苯基醚体积分数为1．0％、进样环体积为400μL、检测波长420nm的条件下,采用流动注射分光光度法对水中铝的含量进行测定,本方法的线性范围为2～300μg／L,检出限（信噪比为3）为0．124μg／L,相对标准偏差为2．9％,加标回收率为96．4％～101．8％。     

两种表面活性剂对剩余污泥产酸影响的比较研究

在批式反应器中研究了常温下2种(两性和阳离子)表面活性剂对剩余污泥产酸的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂均能较大幅度地提高剩余污泥生产有机酸的产量.在污泥发酵的第4天,0.1g·g-1(表面活性剂与污泥干重比,下同)的两性和阳离子表面活性剂可分别使剩余污泥生产有机酸的浓度达到226.4和861.4 mg·L-1(以COD计,下同),而空白试验中生成的有机酸浓度仅为3.2 mg·L-1.同时,剩余污泥的有机酸产量随表面活性剂加入量的增加而增加.当表面活性剂的加入量低于0.2 g·g-1时,用两性表面活性剂处理的剩余污泥中有机酸浓度仅为用阳离子表面活性剂处理的剩余污泥中有机酸浓度的50%;当表面活性剂的加入量增至0.3 g·g-1时,两者的有机酸最大产量接近.此外,表面活性剂的种类和加入量对有机酸的组成分布也有一定的影响.     

维生素B1制药废水的铁炭微电解-混凝预处理工艺

针对维生素B1制药废水高有机物浓度、高悬浮物、色度高、难降解的特点,采用铁炭微电解-混凝工艺对其进行预处理,效果良好。铁炭微电解-混凝工艺的最佳运行条件为:进水pH值为4,铁炭比为1∶1,曝气量为0.2m3/h的情况下停留时间80min。出水CODCr浓度平均为1600mg/L,去除率约为79%,色度去除率为85%,出水达到了(GB8978-1996)二级排放标准。     

汶川8．0级地震后中江县水库震害调查与分析

汶川8.0级地震对四川省水库造成了严重的震害和巨大的经济损失.依据德阳市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对德阳市中江县19座高危险情以上的水库土石坝的震损现象做了初步总结和分析.这些震损水库基本上都建于1950-1980年代,未经抗震设计,典型震害现象包括水库坝顶中部及坝轴线两侧纵向裂缝、坝体纵横向裂缝、大坝沉陷、坝坡滑坡和护坡滑动、坝脚渗漏、水库泄水构筑物震损、防浪墙震裂等震害现象.这说明了对中小型水库土石坝进行抗震设防的必要性,今后应深入研究中小型水库土石坝的震害机制,以指导水库土石坝的抗震设计.     

川中遂宁地区红层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源分析

四川红层区居民用水主要为就近开采的地下水,水质参差不齐,研究红层地下水水文地球化学特征,对于宜井区选择,红层水源地用水安全具有重要意义。利用在遂宁船山区采集的70组浅层地下水水样,采用数理统计分析、离子比例关系等方法,分析了红层浅层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,研究得出:区内地下水中阴离子以HCO_3~-(164.00～571.91 mg·L~(-1))为主,其次是SO_4~(2-)(13.96～1 000.00 mg·L~(-1)),阳离子以Ca~(2+)(45.70～313.00 mg·L~(-1))为主,其中孔隙水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3,SO_4-Ca,SO_4-Mg型,裂隙水以HCO_3-Ca,Mg型与HCO_3-Ca型为主;地下水中离子成分主要由岩石风化产生,来源于地层中的方解石、白云石、石膏、芒硝等矿物的风化溶解,蒸发浓缩、地下水酸碱环境及人类活动对地下水成分造成了一定的影响;浅层地下水质量以Ⅲ～Ⅳ类为主,污染物主要为TDS、Fe~(3+)等原生污染,也存在NO_3~-、NO_2~-等人类活动污染;红层宜井区主要为平坝、丘坡坡脚及沟谷一带,为避免污染指标超标,井深不宜超过25m,远离养殖场、农厕等地下水易受人类活动污染的环境,防止鱼塘、农田等地表水进入井中。     

Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Upgrading food wastes by means of bromelain and papain to enhance growth and immunity of grass carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idella</Emphasis>)

The fast growing of global aquaculture industry accompanied with increasing pressure on the supply and price of traditional feed materials (e.g., fish meal and soy bean meal). This circumstance has urged the need to search alternative sources of feed stuff. Food waste was used as feed stuff in rearing fish which possess substantial protein and lipid. Grass carp are major species reared in Hong Kong with lower nutritional requirements; it is also an ideal species for investigating the feasibility of using food waste as fish feeds for local aquaculture industry. The growth and immunity, reflected by total protein, total immunologlobulin (IgI), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity of grass carp blood, were depressed when feeding with food waste feeds without enzymes. However, the supplementation of bromelain and papain in fish feed enhanced the efficient use of food waste by grass carp, which in turn improved the fish immunity. The present results indicated that the addition of those enzymes could enhance the feed utilization by fish and hematological parameters of grass carp, and the improvement on growth and immunity superior to the control (commercial feed) was observed with the addition of bromelain and papain supplement. Addition of 1 and 2 % mixture of bromelain and papain could significantly enhance the lipid utilization in grass carp.     

Methodology of industry scale analysis under the constraint of regional resource capacity using HSY algorithm

This paper develops a methodology of proper scale analysis for regional industry development, which can be used in industry planning with the consideration of regional resource capacities. In the face of different data sources and even data scarcity, alternative methods based on linear programming and quadratic programming algorithms for calculating the resource intensity factors are designed. Based on the empirical study of industrialization, initial scenarios of industry development were set. Using HSY algorithm, sensitive industries that may cause exceeding regional resource capacity can be identified, and the risk of exceeding can be predicted and expressed in probability. Furthermore, a proper scale range can be designed for these sensitive industries according to resource capacity. Taking the case of Dalian city in China, this paper estimated the regional urban development plan, various resources capacities were studied, and land resources were estimated to be the most critical resource for the city. The land resource depletion intensities of different industries are calculated by quadratic programming algorithm. Under the constraint of 427.56 km² available industrial land resources, the electronic and power industries have the most significant impact on total land use, if the scale of power industry exceeds 1.27 billion USD, the probability of land resource capacity breakthrough will be 50%.