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681.
Silica nanoparticles are increasingly used in industrial, cosmetics, and medical applications. Workers in nanosilica production industries, laboratory personnel in drug production industries, patients taking drugs with nanosilica in its formulations, and everyone in society who uses cosmetics are potentially at risk to health effects induced by silica nanoparticles. Like other nanomaterials, nanosilica has unique physical and chemical properties that modify its toxic effects compared to bulk silica or microparticles of silica. Nanosilica toxicology has been studied by various in vitro and in vivo protocols and on humans, studies which are collected and summarized in the present publication. The toxic effects are outlined based on the type of body compartment, viz. cardiovascular, dermal, respiratory, neural, hepatic, genetic, immune, reproductive, and renal system. Further information, especially the experimental protocols and toxicological endpoints, are summarized in tables. 相似文献
682.
The synthesis of several 6‐n‐propyl‐5‐arylazo‐2‐thiouracil derivatives was achieved. The antithyroid activity of these derivatives has been determined using iodine‐125‐thiocyanate discharge technique in rats, and 6‐n‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU) as a standard. None of the 5‐arylazo‐2‐thiouracil analogs showed antithyroid activity as compared to PTU. The structure‐activity relationships (SAR) of position 5 in the PTU molecule and the requirements for better binding to the proposed receptor are discussed. 相似文献
683.
The primary objectives of this research were to estimate the prevalence of anaemia and low haematocrit among preschool children living in Karachi. Through a geographically stratified design, 349 children aged 36–60 months were selected, from five communities in and near Karachi. Blood samples were drawn from children and a questionnaire was administered to evaluate various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression procedures were used to compare the prevalence of anaemia and low haematocrit among various strata. The overall prevalence of anaemia and low haematocrit were 55.9 and 48.4%, respectively. Children living in the rural community had the highest prevalence of anaemia (78.7%) and low haematocrit (63.8%). Children aged 36–48 months had also higher prevalence of anaemia and low haematocrit. Children's nutritional status was significantly associated with both anaemia and low haematocrit. We recommend appropriate interventions to reduce the burden of these conditions in Pakistan. 相似文献
684.
Mohammad I. El-Khaiary Falah A. Gad† Mahmoud S. Mahmoud† Hossam El-Din Samy† 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(6):1079-1094
Water hyacinth (WH), an aquatic plant macrophyte, was investigated for its ability to perform as a suitable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The non-living biomass of WH was subjected to several chemical treatments, namely, washing with hot water, washing with hot dilute HCl, soaking in NaOH, soaking in HNO3, and sulfonation. The system variables studied also include pH and MB concentration. The Langmuir isotherm was found to represent the measured adsorption data well except for WH soaked in NaOH, which was found to be better represented by the Freundlich isotherm. Values of the dimensionless separation factor, K R, indicated that the adsorption systems in this study are all favorable. Values of the first layer of adsorption were calculated by the non-linear multilayer adsorption model, and the specific surface area values were found to be high and comparable to commercially activated carbons. 相似文献
685.
Mohammad Rasheed Tariq Al Najjar Mohamad G. Al-Masri Saima Mian 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(4):287-295
Degradation rates of light and heavy oil in permeable carbonate sands from the Gulf of Aqaba were investigated to evaluate the ability of sediments to degrade oil compounds. Silicate sands that are less permeable and different properties from carbonate sands were used for comparison. Estimates of oil degradation rates were based on oxygen consumption rates, calculated by incubating natural carbonate sands with oil. The degradation rates of light oil were twofold higher than those of heavy oil, which may be attributed to the presence of a higher carbon number in heavy oil compared with light oil. Degradation rates of light oil in carbonate sands were twofold higher than in silicate sands. Oil degradation rates calculated using the bottle incubation technique were three- to fourfold higher than rates from chamber incubations, indicating the importance of adequate mixing between oil particles and sediments during degradation processes. This study suggests that permeable sands, through their chemical and physical properties, increase oil biodegradation rates by enhancing flow through sediment particles and positively impacting bioturbation processes. 相似文献
686.
Battaleb-Looie S Moore F Jacks G Ketabdari MR 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(5):641-650
The present study is the first attempt to put forward possible source(s) of fluoride in the Dashtestan area, Bushehr Province, southern Iran. In response to reports on the high incidence of dental fluorosis, 35 surface and groundwater samples were collected and analysed for fluoride. The results indicate that dissolved fluoride in the study area is above the maximum permissible limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). An additional 35 soil and rock samples were also collected and analysed for fluoride, and rock samples were subjected to petrographic investigations and X-ray diffraction. The results of these analyses show that the most likely source for fluoride in the groundwater is from clay minerals (chlorite) and micas (muscovite, sericite, and biotite) in the soils and rocks in the area. We also note that due to the high average temperatures all year round and excessive water consumption in the area, the optimum fluoride dose level should be lower than that recommended by the WHO. 相似文献
687.
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman ZuLiang Chen Ravi Naidu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):93-102
We have developed a novel microwave-assisted extraction method for determining the arsenic (As) speciation in soils that is
based on extraction with phosphate solutions, including orthophosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate, and ammonium
hydrogen orthophosphate. The highest extracting efficiency was obtained with 1 M ortho-phosphoric acid solution as the extractant, and this efficiency is associated with the pH of the extractant. Total
As content and As species in the soil extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) alone
and by the combined ion chromatography (IC) with ICP-MS, respectively. The proposed extraction procedure was applied to National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material (SRM) 2711 (Montana soil) as well as to environmental
soil samples collected from the agricultural lands of Bangladesh. As(V) was detected in all the soil samples, and As(III)
was detected in nine soils of the 20. These results of extractable As testing indicate that the extraction of As species mainly
depends on the composition of the soils. The As speciation results also indicate that As adsorption is highly dependent on
the iron, aluminum, and manganese concentrations in the soil. The stability of As species in the extracts was also studied. 相似文献
688.
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman R. Naidu Prosun Bhattacharya 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):9-21
The adverse impact of groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As) on humans has been reported worldwide, particularly in Asian
countries. In this study, we present an overview of the As crisis in the Southeast Asian region where groundwater is contaminated
with naturally occurring As and where contamination has become more widespread in recent years. In this region more than 100 million
people are estimated to be at risk from groundwater As contamination, and some 700,000 people are known so far to have been
affected by As-related diseases. Despite investments exceeding many millions of dollars, there are still substantial knowledge
gaps about the prevalence and impact of As, notably in its epidemiology, temporal variations, social factors, patient identification,
treatment, etc. Arsenic-affected people in the affected regions also face serious social problems. Of major concern is the
fact that many researchers from different countries have been conducting research in SE Asia region but with a lack of coordination,
thus duplicating their work. There is an urgent need to coordinate these various studies to ensure better delivery of research
outcomes. Further research is needed to improve field testing and monitoring of drinking water sources, and to develop new
treatments for chronic As toxicity and new sources of safe drinking water. 相似文献
689.
690.
Pasalari Hasan Farzadkia Mahdi Gholami Mitra Emamjomeh Mohammad M. 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2019,17(1):335-348
Environmental Chemistry Letters - The quantity and quality of leachate generated in a landfill are very important when it comes to waste management. Sanitary landfill is still being considered as... 相似文献