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81.
Maan Hayyan Mohd Ali Hashim Mohammed A. Al-Saadi Adeeb Hayyan Inas M. AlNashef Mohamed E.S. Mirghani 《Chemosphere》2013
In this work, the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with three hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol were investigated. The cytotoxicity effect was tested using brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The toxicity was investigated using the two Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of tested DESs was much higher than that of their individual components, indicating their toxicological behavior was different. It was also found that there was toxic effect on the studied bacteria, indicating their potential application as anti-bacterial agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based DESs were studied. 相似文献
82.
Geochemical study of groundwater from a structurally deformed granitic terrain near Hyderabad (India) was carried out to understand
and evaluate the hydrogeochemical processes and quality of groundwater. Several trace elements (Fe, Mn, Be, Al, V, Cr, Co,
Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, U) along with major ions and minor elements were precisely estimated in shallow and
drilled wells to know the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Analytical data shows that pH and major
ion chemistry in dug wells and bore wells do not vary significantly, while some trace elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Be, Co, Pb, U
and Zn) vary in dug wells and bore wells, which can be attributed to differential mineral weathering and dissolution/precipitation
reactions along fractures/joints. Although the water is not potable, it was found to be suitable for irrigation with little
danger in the development of harmful level of exchangeable sodium. It is inferred that the chemical composition of the groundwater
in this region is likely to have its origin from silicate weathering reactions and dissolution/precipitation processes supported
by rainfall and groundwater flow. 相似文献
83.
Karthikeyan S Perumal SV Balasubramanian R Zuraimi MS Tham KW 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(8):974-980
An improved ion chromatographic (IC) method has been developed for the separation of nitrate in filter extracts in the presence of high concentrations of nitrite. This analytical method was successfully used for an indirect measurement of ozone (O3) in outdoor and indoor air, following its collection using a nitrite-impregnated passive sampler. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification, using the modified IC method, were 6 microg l(-1) (3sigma) and 20 microg l(-1) (10sigma), respectively. Improved detection limits and low baseline noise were obtained with the use of eluent generator and high-capacity ion exchange column. The optimized method was used for assessing O3 concentration in both indoor and outdoor environments of 28 child care centers (CCCs) located in different parts of Singapore. The O3 concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 11.95 parts per billion (ppb) in indoor and from 3.2 to 21.7 ppb in outdoor environments during the study period. It was found that, among the CCCs investigated in this study, air-conditioned CCCs and those located in close proximity to traffic emissions had significantly lower O3 concentrations indoors. 相似文献
84.
The acute salinity tolerance of three tropical freshwater cladoceran species, M. macleayi, C. rigaudii and D. brachyurum was determined. The existence of these species represented new records for Trinidad and Tobago, a tropical Caribbean island.
It has a large oil based industry, in which, the primary effluent (saline produced water) is discharged directly into many
freshwater systems. Cladoceran species are used routinely in temperate regions, to assess the impacts of chemicals and effluents
in freshwater systems. However, relatively few studies have assessed the salinity tolerance of these organisms. Test organisms
were assayed using seven salinity treatments (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25‰) prepared by volumetrically mixing natural filtered
seawater with dilution water. C. rigaudii had a 48 h LC50 of 1.6‰, M. macleayi 1.5‰ and D.
brachyurum <1‰. The CSmax (critical salinity maximum) for C. rigaudii and M. macleayi was 3‰ after 48 h, compared to 1‰ for D. brachyurum. There was no salinity value at which there was 100% survival. The resulting salinity response curve was a straight line
which indicated that each species was intolerant of salt. Consequently, any of these can be considered as a representative
freshwater organism for toxicity testing in Trinidad and Tobago. 相似文献
85.
Ji MK Park WB Khan MA Abou-Shanab RA Kim Y Cho Y Choi J Song H Jeon BH 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(4):1153-1158
Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is a commonly found contaminant in groundwater and surface water. It has created a major water quality problem worldwide. The laboratory batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of HCl-treated zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) combined with different adsorbents as hybrid systems for simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) ions from aqueous solution. The maximum NO(3)(-) removal in combined Fe(0)-granular activated carbon (GAC), Fe(0)-filtralite and Fe(0)-sepiolite systems was 86, 96 and 99%, respectively, at 45 °C for 24 h reaction time. The NO(3)(-) removal rate increased with the increase in initial NO(3)(-) concentration. The NO(3)(-) removal efficiency by hybrid systems was in the order of sepiolite > filtralite > GAC. The NH(4)(+) produced during the denitrification process by Fe(0) was successfully removed by the adsorbents, with the removal efficiency in the order of GAC > sepiolite > filtralite. Results of the present study suggest that the use of a hybrid system could be a promising technology for achieving simultaneous removal of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) ions from aqueous solution. 相似文献
86.
87.
Md. Firoz Khan Mohd Talib Latif Liew Juneng Norhaniza Amil Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir Hossain Mohammed Syedul Hoque 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):958-969
Long-term measurements (2004–2011) of PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) and trace gases (carbon monoxide [CO], ozone [O3], nitrogen oxide [NO], oxides of nitrogen [NOx], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], methane [CH4], nonmethane hydrocarbon [NMHC]) have been conducted to study the effect of physicochemical factors on the PM10 concentration. In addition, this study includes source apportionment of PM10 in Kuala Lumpur urban environment. An advanced principal component analysis (PCA) technique coupled with absolute principal component scores (APCS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) has been applied. The average annual concentration of PM10 for 8 yr is 51.3 ± 25.8 μg m?3, which exceeds the Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guideline (RMAQG) and international guideline values. Detail analysis shows the dependency of PM10 on the linear changes of the motor vehicles in use and the amount of biomass burning, particularly from Sumatra, Indonesia, during southwesterly monsoon. The main sources of PM10 identified by PCA-APCS-MLR are traffic combustion (28%), ozone coupled with meteorological factors (20%), and windblown particles (1%). However, the apportionment procedure left 28.0 μg m?3, that is, 51% of PM10 undetermined.Implications: Air quality is always a top concern around the globe. Especially in the South Asian regions, measures are not yet sufficient; as revealed in our studies, the concentrations of particulate matters exceed the tolerable limits. Long-term data analysis and characterization of particular matters and their sources will aid the policy makers and the concerned authority to adapt measures and policies according to the circumstances. Additionally, similar intensive studies will give insight about future implications of air quality management. 相似文献
88.
Ali?Mohammed?OumerEmail author Andreas?de Neergaard 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):547-564
The aim of this paper is to disclose livelihood strategy-poverty links and gain a better understanding by developing typologies
of rural households. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, we group households into different typologies and explore
interactions. We identified six main agronomic strategies, four dominant livelihood diversification strategies, and income
quartiles (proxies for poverty) using cluster and principal component factor analysis. We found that nearly 82% of the surveyed
farmers in the study area belong to the bottom income quartiles while about 18% are on the upper quartiles. Households in
the bottom income quartiles engaged in casual off-farm work and cereal-dominated livelihood strategies that tend to pursue
subsistence farming by growing cereals and oil crops. Contrarily, farmers in the upper income quartiles adapted intensive
agronomic strategies by integrating root crops, legumes, and vegetables with livestock. This was largely attributed to access
to key livelihood assets such as land, livestock, education, and institutional support in which the upper quartiles were more
endowed. Improving availability of the key assets for the bottom income quartiles might be a way out of poverty and ensuring
sustainable development. It is crucial to recognize local-level heterogeneities of rural households when targeting development
interventions. 相似文献
89.
This study employs insights largely derived from critical reflections on the common pool resources (CPR) theory to examine
the current governance arrangements in place to manage the mangrove forest at Kisakasaka, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Kisakasaka
was used as a site for a community-based management pilot project of forest resources in Zanzibar. After some initial success
in setting up a local management structure and regulating access to the mangrove for mainly charcoal production, there are
now clear indications that forest conditions have deteriorated dramatically with concomitant ongoing resource use problems
for local villagers who have relied heavily on forest resources as a source of cash income. Extra-local factors, such as urban
population increases and associated market pressures for charcoal, are also conjectured to overlay and interact with the institutional
problems at Kisakasaka. As a result, over concern about the deterioration in the condition of the mangrove forest, the responsible
government authority decided not to renew the community-based governance arrangements after an initial five-year pilot period.
While revealing the inadequacies of existing governance arrangements and of its relationship to deteriorating forest conditions
at Kisakasaka, this study concludes by suggesting an approach to more fully understand forces driving local resource management
and use. 相似文献
90.
Mohammed M 《Environmental management》2000,25(2):177-188
/ This study aims to investigate the ISO 14001 implementation process and its implications for regional environmental management. The region of Central Japan (known as Chubu in Japanese, which literally means center) was chosen for this case study. The study focuses on selected issues such as the: (1) trends and motives of private firms in the implementation of an ISO 14001-based environmental management system (EMS); (2) obstacles during system implementation; (3) role of the system in enhancing environmental performance within the certified organization; and (4) relation between the major stakeholders, local citizens, governments, and firms after adopting the system. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire survey was mailed to all certified firms in the region. A 58% response was achieved overall. The results show that the main aims behind the adoption of ISO 14001 by firms in the Chubu region are to improve the environmental aspects within the enterprises and to enhance the employees' environmental awareness and capacity. The results have also shown that the ISO 14001-based EMS has had a great effect on a firm's environmental status as certified firms have claimed that natural resources such as fuel, water, and paper consumption have been more efficiently managed after adopting the system. Implementation of the system causes the firms to consider the role of the local people and the government in more effectively involving the local people in the firm's daily environmental activities. It also helps to enhance the environmental awareness among the local people. Adopting the system also promotes a better relation within the enterprises affiliated to the same group, such as more attention given by the parent firms (head offices) towards other firms working for the same group, or branches-mainly small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)-in the field of EMS. Finally, the results show that firms give serious consideration to their final products' impacts on the environment. In other words, attention is given to life cycle analysis (LCA) among certified firms. 相似文献