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151.
Shirai Yoshihito Wakisaka Minato Yacob Shahrakbah Ali Hassan Mohd Suzuki Shin’ichi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(3):237-252
Palm oil industry in Malaysia is one of the potential candidates for the CDM project because large amount of methane is emitted
from the lagoons and open digesting tank of the wastewater treatment system. Therefore the first objective of the project
is to investigate the actual GHG emission from the lagoons and open digesting tank in palm oil mills in order to establish
the baseline for CDM project. Results indicated that methane contribution to biogas released from the open digesting tank
and lagoon systems were 35% and 45%, respectively. These values are much lower than the reported value of 65% obtained by
complete anaerobic condition of lab-scale experiments. Based on actual methane release measurement and information gathered
from palm oil mill about wastewater treatment, significant amount of methane emission to the atmosphere can be reduced with
the installation of new closed digesting tank system converted from the open digesting tank such as just by covering it with
applying CDM. It is estimated that a total of RM2.6 million could be obtained from the selling of electricity generated from
biogas generation and Certified Emission Reduction(CER).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
152.
Sota Tanaka Sayaka Tachibe Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli Jonathan Lat Logie Seman Joseph Jawa Kendawang Kozo Iwasaki Katsutoshi Sakurai 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,129(1-3):293-301
This study discusses soil fertility under perennial cash crop farming (para rubber, Hevea brasiliensis; black pepper, Piper nigrum; oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) conducted by local farmers and an oil palm estate in an upland area of Sarawak, Malaysia, in comparison with the surrounding secondary forests. In the farmlands of the local farmers, rubber farming was conducted without fertilizer application, while 2–5 t ha?1 of NPK compounds were applied annually on pepper farms. Soils under rubber farming were acidic with poor nutrient contents, resembling soils in secondary forests. In pepper farms, soils were less acidic and showed high nutrient contents, especially with respect to available P and exchangeable Ca. This trend became stronger with increasing farming duration. Fertilizers applied around pepper vines appeared to migrate and spread across the fields. Bulk density and hardness of surface soils were higher in pepper farms than in secondary forests, indicating soil compaction due to field works. In the oil palm estate, annual fertilizer application rates were moderate at 0.4–0.8 t ha?1 of NPK compound fertilizers. However, the soil properties in the oil palm estate were similar to those of the small-scale pepper farms. Close to the bases of the palms where fertilizers usually are applied, the contents of exchangeable Ca and available P were high. Nutrient uptake by the dense root systems of the palms seemed to prevent excessive loss of nutrients through leaching. Loss of soil organic matter and deterioration of soil physical properties were brought about by terrace bench construction, but the soils seemed to recover to some extent over time. In conclusion, technologies such as intercropping and the appropriate allocation of different crops to specific locations as well as the proper selection and dosage of fertilizers should be developed and adopted to improve fertilizer efficiency and prevent water pollution due to fertilizer wash-off from farmlands. 相似文献
153.
Distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in polluted rivers of the Juru
River Basin, Penang, Malaysia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salman A. Al-Shami Che Salmah Md Rawi Abu HassanAhm Siti Azizah Mohd Nor 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(11):1718-1727
The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the abundance and diversity of chironomids was studied in six rivers with
moderate to highly polluted water in the Juru River Basin. The rivers: Ceruk Tok Kun (CTKR) as reference site, and polluted rivers
of Pasir (PR), Juru (JR), Permatang Rawa (PRR), Ara (AR) and Kilang Ubi (KUR) were sampled over a period of five months
(November 2007–March 2008). Nine chirnomid species: Chironimus kiiensis, C. javanus, Polypedilum trigonus, Microchironomus sp.,
Dicrotendipes sp., Tanytarsus formosanus, Clinotanypus sp., Tanypus punctipennis and Fittkauimyia sp. were identified. Assessment
of their relationships with several environmental parameters was performed using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).
Tanytarsus formosanus was the most dominant in the relatively clean CTKR and moderately polluted JR with mean densities of
19.66 and 25.32 m?2, respectively while C. kiiensis was abundant in more polluted rivers. Tanytarsus formosanus, Dicrotendipes sp.
and Microchironomus sp. were grouped under moderate to high water temperature, total organic matter (TOM), total suspended solids
(TSS), velocity, pH, phosphates and sulphates. However, Tanypus punctipennis, Fittkauimyia sp., and Clinotanypus sp. were associated
with high contents of river sediment such as TOM, Zn and Mn and water ammonium-N and nitrate-N and they were associated with
higher dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water. Chironomus kiiensis, C. javanus and P. trigonus showed positive relationships with
TOM, ammonium-N and nitrate-N as well as trace metals of Zn, Cu and Mn. These three species could be considered as tolerant species
since they have the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions with low DO and high concentrations of pollutants. Based on
the water parameter scores in all rivers, the highest diversity of chironomid larvae was reported in CTKR. With higher concentrations
of organic and/or inorganic pollutants as reported in PPR, KUR and AR, the chironomid larval diversity decreased, and the abundance
of tolerant species, mainly Chironomus spp., increased. 相似文献
154.
Kamaludin Roziana Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Kadir Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Khan Jesmine Ismail Ahmad Fauzi Rahman Mukhlis A. Jaafar Juhana 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(1):259-273
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Various treatments of choice are available to overcome contamination of bisphenol A (BPA) in the environment including membrane technologies; however,... 相似文献
155.
Tatsuya Yoshizaki Yoshihito Shirai Mohd Ali Hassan Azhari Samsu Baharuddin Nik Mustapha Raja Abdullah Alawi Sulaiman Zainuri Busu 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2012,14(6):1065-1079
This article is a case study to compare the economic viabilities of biogas generation and compost projects in a palm oil mill in Malaysia with and without clean development mechanism (CDM). Biogas is captured from anaerobic ponds or digester tanks treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) and converted to green renewable electricity for grid connection, while compost is produced from the shredded empty fruit bunch and raw untreated POME. The both technologies were compared by considering the changes of the materials flow and energy balances. A palm oil mill with a capacity of 54?t fresh fruit bunch per hour has the potential to produce either 6.9?GWh of electricity from biogas or fertilizer equivalent to 488?t of nitrogen, 76?t of phosphorus and 1,065?t of potassium per year. The economic analysis for 10?years project term analysis indicated that CDM gave a significant impact and ensured economic viability for both projects with 25?% of internal rate of return (IRR), RM 12.39 million of net present value (NPV) and 3.5?years of payback period (PBP) for biogas project, whereas 31?% of IRR, RM 10.87 million of NPV and 2.9?years of PBP for compost project, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis indicated that the profitability of both projects will vary depending on the economic situation, such as electricity price which is based on the government policy, whereas compost price that depend on fertilizer market price with 43?% NPV change in 20?% range of fertilizer value. 相似文献
156.
M. Z. Ahmad Thirmizir Z. A. Mohd Ishak R. Mat Taib S. Rahim S. Mohamad Jani 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):263-273
Natural weathering was performed on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its kenaf bast fibre (KBF) filled composites by exposing
the specimens to a tropical climate for a period of 6 months (max–min temperature: 31.5–23.9 °C; relative humidity: 78.9%).
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of KBF loading and the addition of maleated PBS compatibiliser (PBSgMA)
on the performance of the composites under natural weathering. As expected, the flexural properties of both the uncompatibilised
and compatibilised composites dropped with increasing exposure time. The weathered specimens were also assessed by colour
change analysis, FTIR spectroscopy analysis and SEM examination. The total colour change, ΔE
ab
, of both the uncompatibilised and compatibilised composites increased with weathering time. FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed
the presence of oxidation products such as hydroxyl, carbonyl and vinyl species in the weathered uncompatibilised and compatibilised
composites. SEM examination revealed the presence of surface defects such as cracking, tiny holes and degraded fibre, which
explain the poor performance of the composites upon weathering. 相似文献
157.
Hossain MS Santhanam A Nik Norulaini NA Omar AK 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(4):754-766
The management of clinical solid waste (CSW) continues to be a major challenge, particularly, in most healthcare facilities of the developing world. Poor conduct and inappropriate disposal methods exercised during handling and disposal of CSW is increasing significant health hazards and environmental pollution due to the infectious nature of the waste. This article summarises a literature review into existing CSW management practices in the healthcare centers. The information gathered in this paper has been derived from the desk study of open literature survey. Numerous researches have been conducted on the management of CSW. Although, significant steps have been taken on matters related to safe handling and disposal of the clinical waste, but improper management practice is evident from the point of initial collection to the final disposal. In most cases, the main reasons of the mismanagement of CSW are the lack of appropriate legislation, lack of specialized clinical staffs, lack of awareness and effective control. Furthermore, most of the healthcare centers of the developing world have faced financial difficulties and therefore looking for cost effective disposal methods of clinical waste. This paper emphasizes to continue the recycle-reuse program of CSW materials after sterilization by using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) sterilization technology at the point of initial collection. Emphasis is on the priority to inactivate the infectious micro-organisms in CSW. In that case, waste would not pose any threat to healthcare workers. The recycling-reuse program would be carried out successfully with the non-specialized clinical staffs. Therefore, the adoption of SF-CO2 sterilization technology in management of clinical solid waste can reduce exposure to infectious waste, decrease labor, lower costs, and yield better compliance with regulatory. Thus healthcare facilities can both save money and provide a safe environment for patients, healthcare staffs and clinical staffs. 相似文献
158.
The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation method that can aid decision makers in a local civic body to prioritize and select appropriate municipal solid waste disposal methods. We introduce a hierarchical network (hiernet) decision structure and apply the analytic network process (ANP) super-matrix approach to measure the relative desirability of disposal alternatives using value judgments as the input of the various stakeholders. ANP is a flexible analytical program that enables decision makers to find the best possible solution to complex problems by breaking down a problem into a systematic network of inter-relationships among the various levels and attributes. This method therefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also helps decision makers to understand why an alternative is preferred over the other options. 相似文献
159.
Siti Nurfatin Nadhirah Mohd Makhtar Mukhlis A. Rahman Ahmad Fauzi Ismail Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Juhana Jaafar 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(19):15918-15928
This work discusses the preparation and characterizations of glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using zeolite-5A as a starting material. Zeolite was formed into a hollow fiber configuration using the phase inversion technique. It was later sintered at high temperatures to burn off organic materials and change the zeolite into glass membrane. A preliminary study, that used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), confirmed that zeolite used in this study changed to glass at temperatures above 1000 °C. The glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using the phase inversion technique has three different microstructures, namely (i) sandwich-like structure that originates from inner layer, (ii) sandwich-like that originates from outer layer, and (iii) symmetric sponge like. These variations were influenced by zeolite weight loading and the flow rate of water used to form the lumen. The separation performances of the glass hollow fiber membrane were studied using the pure water permeability and the rejection test of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The glass hollow fiber membrane prepared from using 48 wt% zeolite loading and bore fluid with 9 mL min?1 flow rate has the highest BSA rejection of 85% with the water permeability of 0.7 L m?2 h?1 bar?1. The results showed that the separation performance of glass hollow fiber membranes was in the ultrafiltration range, enabled the retention of solutes with molecular sizes larger than 67 kDa such as milk proteins, endotoxin pyrogen, virus, and colloidal silica. 相似文献
160.
J. M. Lee Z. A. Mohd Ishak R. Mat Taib T. T. Law M. Z. Ahmad Thirmizir 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(1):293-302
The use of composites made from non-biodegradable conventional plastic materials (e.g., polypropylene, PP) is creating global environmental concern. Biodegradable plastics such as poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) are sought after to reduce plastic waste accumulation. Unfortunately, these types of plastics are very costly; therefore, natural lignocellulosic fibers are incorporated to reduce the cost. Kenaf fibers are also incorporated into PP and PBS for reinforcing purposes and they have low densities, high specific properties and renewable sourcing. However without good compatibilization, the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fibers is poor due to differences in polarity between the two materials. Maleic anhydride-grafted compatibilizers may be introduced into the system to improve the matrix-fiber interactions. The overall mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of PP and PBS composites prepared with 30 vol.% short kenaf fibers (KFs) using a twin-screw extruder were being investigated in this study. The flexural properties for both types of composites were enhanced by the addition of compatibilizer, with improvements of 56 and 16 % in flexural strength for the PP/KF and PBS/KF composites, respectively. Good matrix-fiber adhesion was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. However, the thermal stability of the PBS/KF composites was lower than that of the PP/KF composites. This result was confirmed by both DSC and TGA thermal analysis tests. The water absorption at equilibrium of a PBS composite filled with KFs is inherently lower than of a PP/KF composite because the water molecules more readily penetrate the PP composites through existing voids between the fibers and the matrix. Based on this research, it can be concluded that PBS/KF composites are good candidates for replacing PP/KF composites in applications whereby biodegradability is essential and no extreme thermal and moisture exposures are required. 相似文献