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排序方式: 共有265条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
Farenhorst A Reimer M Londry K Saiyed I 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(5):509-522
The application of municipal biosolid or liquid hog manure to agricultural soils under laboratory conditions at 20 degrees C influenced the fate of the herbicide 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in soil. When 2,4-D was added to soil at agronomic rates immediately after the addition of manure or biosolids to a coarse-textured soil, the percentage of 2,4-D mineralized at 100 days was about 47% for both treatments, compared to only 31% for control soils without amendments. The enhanced 2,4-D mineralization as a result of amendment addition was due to an increased heterotrophic microbial activity, with the greatest increases in soil respiration occurring for soils amended with biosolids. When additions of 2,4-D were delayed for one, two, or four weeks after the amendments were applied, the additions of amendments generally reduced 2,4-D mineralization in soil, particularly for manure, indicating that the effect of amendments on enhancing soil microbial activities diminished over time. In contrast, the mineralization of 2,4-D in control soils was less dependent on when 2,4-D was applied in relation to pre-incubations of soil for zero, one, two, or four weeks. The effect of manure on decreasing 2,4-D mineralization in specific soils was as large as the effect of soil texture on differences in 2,4-D mineralization across soils. Because manure was not found to impact 2,4-D sorption by soil, it is possible that 2,4-D mineralization decreased because 2,4-D transformation products were strongly sorbed onto organic carbon constituents in manure-amended soils and were therefore less accessible to microorganisms. Alternatively, microorganisms were less likely to metabolize the herbicide because they preferentially consumed the type of organic carbon in manure that is a weak sorbent for 2,4-D. 相似文献
62.
Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi Mokhtar Arami Firoozmehr Mazaheri Shahram Rahimi 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2010,18(2):146-151
Degumming is a surface modification process of natural fibers such as silk. In this paper, the feasibility of degumming with ultrasonic, ultrasonic–soap, and ultrasonic–enzyme (alcalase, savinase, and mixtures of these enzymes) processes as cleaner and environmentally friendly surface modification techniques of Persian silk were investigated. The effectiveness of parameters such as sonication time, soap, ultrasound–enzyme, enzyme concentration, degumming time and enzymes mixture on silk degumming were studied. The evaluation of the data was carried out through the measurement of the weight loss, strength, and elongation of the samples. In addition, the enzymatic treatment improved the properties of silk yarn such as strength and elongation. The scanning electron microscope images were obtained for degummed silk samples. The findings of this research support the potential production of new environmentally friendly textile fibers. 相似文献
63.
Alireza Ebrahimi Mokhtar Arami Hajir Bahrami Elmira Pajootan 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2013,18(6):661-670
This research studied the application of fish bone as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of two basic dyes (C.I. Basic Blue 41 and C.I. Basic Yellow 28) from textile wastewaters. The surface morphology and functional groups of the fish bone was studied by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared, respectively. The experiments were designed in two methods: classical method and response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of operating parameters including pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and inorganic salts was investigated by both methods. The optimum conditions to satisfy 75 % of dye removal for both dyes were predicted by RSM method and the results were very close to the experimental values. So, it was concluded that the fish bone can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for dye removal from effluents. 相似文献
64.
Kardi Seyedeh Nazanin Ibrahim Norahim Rashid Noor Aini Abdul Darzi Ghasem Najafpour 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(21):21201-21215
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - One of the biggest challenges of using single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that utilize proton-exchange membrane (PEM) air cathode for... 相似文献
65.
Geo-accumulation index and contamination factors of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) in urban river sediment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hazzeman Haris Ley Juen Looi Ahmad Zaharin Aris Nor Farhanna Mokhtar Nur Ain Ayunie Ayob Fatimah Md. Yusoff Abu Bakar Salleh Sarva Mangala Praveena 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2017,39(6):1259-1271
The aim of the present study was to appraise the levels of heavy metal contamination (Zn and Pb) in sediment of the Langat River (Selangor, Malaysia). Samples were collected randomly from 15 sampling stations located along the Langat River. The parameters measured were pH, redox potential, salinity, electrical conductivity, loss of ignition, cation exchanges capacity (Na, Mg, Ca, K), and metal ions (Zn and Pb). The geo-accumulation index (I geo) and contamination factor (C f) were applied to determine and classify the magnitude of heavy metal pollution in this urban river sediment. Results revealed that the I geo of Pb indicated unpolluted to moderately polluted sediment at most of the sampling stations, whereas Zn was considered to be within background concentration. The I geo results were refined by the C f values, which showed Pb with very high C f at 12 stations. Zinc, on the other hand, had low to moderate C f values. These findings indicated that the sediment of the Langat River is severely polluted with Pb. The Zn concentration at most sampling points was well below most sediment quality guidelines. However, 40% of the sampling points were found to have a Pb concentration higher than the consensus-based probable effect concentration of 128 mg/kg (concentrations above this value are likely to cause harmful effects). This result not only highlights the severity of Pb pollution in the sediment of the Langat River, but also the potential risk it poses to the environment. 相似文献
66.
Mehmet Kanoglu Ibrahim Dincer Yunus A. Cengel 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(5):971-988
In this paper, some key aspects and definitions of exergy are presented, and practical examples are given in order to highlight
its usefulness in design, analysis and performance improvement for various types of energy processes for better environment
and sustainable development. The relations between exergy, sustainability and environmental impact are illustrated to show
how improving the performance of the process through exergy efficiency affects the environmental impact and sustainable development.
Both exergy and energy efficiencies for various systems/processes are also studied for comparison purposes. 相似文献
67.
Heavy metal removal and cyanide destruction in the metal plating industry: an integrated approach from egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wastewater produced from a metal plating is a major environmental problem. Industrial auditing revealed that the main source
of pollution mainly originated from rinsing water. The characterization of final effluent showed that it is highly contaminated
with hazardous heavy metals and cyanide. The concentration of copper, hexavalent chromium, nickel, and cyanide in the rinsing
water of metal plating department was 14.8, 40.9, 13.3, and 19 mg/l, respectively. The concentration of cyanide and zinc from
the galvanizing department reached 60 and 80 mg/l. The remediation scheme included the application of in-plant control measures
via changing the rinsing process followed by the destruction of cyanide and reduction of hexavalent chromium bearing wastes.
The pretreated wastes were then mixed with other industrial wastes prior to a combined chemical coagulation-sedimentation
using lime and/or lime in combination with ferric chloride. The results indicated that, after applying the waste minimization
measures alone at the source, prior to final treatment of industrial waste, removal rates of cyanide, copper, nickel, and
chromium concentrations were 23.2%, 14.9%, 32.3%, and 55.3%, respectively in the rinse water from metal plating department.
Furthermore, the removal rates of cyanide and zinc in the galvanizing department reached 59.7% and 24.3. The integrated control
measures and treatment scheme led to more than 99% removal of copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc, while the complete removal
of cyanide was achieved in the final effluent. 相似文献
68.
Extremely high organic load and the toxic nature of olive mill wastewater (OMW) prevent their direct discharge into domestic wastewater treatment systems. In addition to the various treatment schemes designed for such wastewater, controlled land spreading of untreated OMW has been suggested as an alternative mean of disposal. A field study was conducted between October 2004 and September 2005 to assess possible effects of OMW on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out in an organic orchard located on a Vertisol-type soil (Jezre'el Valley, Israel) and included two application levels of OMW (36 and 72m(3)ha(-1)). Total microbial counts, and to less extent the hydrolytic activity and soil respiration were increased following the high OMW application level. A bench-scale lab experiment showed that the rate of OMW mineralization was mainly dependent on the general status of soil activity and was not related to previous acclimatization of the soil microflora to OMW. Soil phytotoxicity (% germination and root elongation) was assessed in soil extracts of samples collected before and after each OMW application, using germinating cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. We found direct short-term effect of OMW application on soil phytotoxicity. However, the soil was partly or completely recovered between successive applications. No further phytotoxicity was observed in treated soils as compared with control soil, 3 months after OMW application. Such short-term phytotoxicity was not in correlation with measured EC and total polyphenols in the soil extracts. Overall, the results of this study further support a safe controlled OMW spreading on lands that are not associated with sensitive aquifers. 相似文献
69.
In urban cities, the environmental services are the responsibility of the public sector, where piped water supply is the norm
for urban household. Likewise, in Beirut City (capital of Lebanon) official water authorities are the main supplier of domestic
water through a network of piping system that leaks in many areas. Beirut City and its suburbs are overpopulated since it
is the residence of 1/3 of the Lebanese citizens. Thus, Beirut suffers deficiency in meeting its water demand. Water rationing,
as a remedial action, is firmly established since four decades by the Lebanese Water Authorities. Consumers resorted then
to private wells to supplement their domestic water needs. Consequently, household water quality is influenced by external
factors relating to well water characteristics and internal factors depending on the types of the pipes of the distribution
network and cross connections to sewer pipes. These factors could result in chemical and microbial contamination of drinking
water. The objective of this study is to investigate domestic water quality variation in Beirut City emerging form the aforementioned
factors. The presented work encircles a typical case study of Beirut City (Ras Beirut). Results showed deterioration pattern
in domestic water quality. The predicted metal species and scales within the water pipes of distribution network depended
on water pH, hardness, sulfate, chloride, and iron. The corrosion of iron pipes mainly depended on Mg hardness. 相似文献
70.
Bani I 《Disasters》2007,31(Z1):S139-S149
This paper uses a public health approach to examine briefly: (a) the progress of universal salt iodisation (USI) in Sudan; (b) the roles of the main actors involved; and (c) the main issues around accelerating USI. The literature, especially that coming from the UN agencies, is analysed and experiences from the recently revitalised USI programme, and related relevant meetings, are distilled. In Sudan the prevalence of goitre is 22 per cent. It is assumed that productivity among the people affected is reduced by 5-25 per cent. Little apparent progress has been made with USI. The Government of Sudan, UN multilateral agencies, international consultative groups, bilateral agencies, global and national non-governmental organisations and, increasingly, the private sector must work together to find innovative approaches to increase awareness of the broader social, public health and nutritional contexts, and to advocate for increased national nd international funding. 相似文献