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451.
Sarper Sarp Sungyun Lee Noeon Park Nguyen Thi Hanh Jaeweon Cho 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(1):98-105
For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM),
toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM
of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating
the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate,
bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate
(TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K
ow and pK
a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms
of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate)
and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore,
a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation
and optimum control of contaminats. 相似文献
452.
The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The
first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation
and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the
optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to
characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush
(MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the
representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be
valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first
flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were
significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn. 相似文献
453.
Eunjeong Lee Chounghyun Seong Hakkwan Kim Seungwoo Park Moonseong Kang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(6):840-845
This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of
climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using
ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results
agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge
relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used
to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were
applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that
the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads. 相似文献
454.
As part of carbon cap-and-trade policy development, programs are being proposed that would pay landowners for the carbon stored in the trees in their forests. We contend that such programs could be counterproductive to the aim of mitigating atmospheric carbon if they discourage the use of wood for carbon-neutral fuels and as substitutes for more fossil carbon-intensive building products. 相似文献
455.
Mikyung PARK Jinkwan OH Kihong PARK 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2011,5(3):313-319
A continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter with an aerosol focusing and a laser-charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detector system was developed here. The counting performance of the laser-CCD camera detector system was evaluated by comparing its measured number concentrations with those measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC) using polystyrene latex (PSL) and NaCl particles of varying sizes. The CCD camera parameters (e.g. brightness, gain, gamma, and exposure time) were optimized to detect moving particles in the sensing volume and to provide the best image to count them. The CCN counter worked well in the particle number concentration range of 0.6–8000 #·cm-3 and the minimum detectable size was found to be 0.5 μm. The supersaturation in the CCN counter with varying temperature difference was determined by using size-selected sodium chloride particles based on K?hler equation. The developed CCN counter was applied to investigate CCN activity of atmospheric ultrafine particles at 0.5% supersaturation. Data showed that CCN activity increased with increasing particle size and that the higher CCN activation for ultrafine particles occurred in the afternoon, suggesting the significant existence of hygroscopic or soluble species in photochemically-produced ultrafine particles. 相似文献
456.
The surfgrass Phyllospadix japonicus is endemic to exposed shores of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Unlike the majority of seagrasses, P. japonicus grows on rocky substrata. The specific physical features of the habitat are likely related to the peculiar ecological characteristics
of P. japonicus. However, few studies have been conducted thus far on the growth dynamics of Phyllospadix spp., largely due to the turbulent water conditions in its habitat. P. japonicus is a dominant seagrass species, and it plays critical ecological roles on the eastern coast of Korea. Here, we examined its
growth dynamics for the first time on the Korean coast. We measured shoot density, biomass, leaf production, phenology, morphology,
tissue nutrient content, as well as environmental factors including underwater photon flux density (PFD), water temperature
and water column nutrient concentrations from March 2003 to December 2005. Shoot density, biomass, leaf productivity and morphological
characteristics exhibited significant seasonal variations; maximum values of these variables occurred in winter and early
spring, and the minima were recorded in late summer and early fall. PFD and water temperature were, respectively, positively
and negatively correlated with leaf production. Nutrient availability fluctuated substantially, but there was no evidence
of distinct seasonal variation, nor was it correlated with leaf production. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations were correlated
strongly with leaf production, whereas tissue nutrient contents were unrelated to leaf production. Maximum potential seed
production ranged from 1,200 seeds m−2 in 2004 to 3,445 seeds m−2 in 2003; however, seedlings were rarely detected through the observation period. Thus, P. japonicus meadows at the study site appeared to persist through vegetative propagation. Leaf C content varied bimodally, with peaks
in spring and fall. Leaf N content was minimal during months in which leaf productivity was lowest. These patterns in tissue
nutrient content are clearly different from those of the majority of soft-substratum seagrasses and appear to relate to the
reduced physiological tolerance of high temperature in P. japonicus compared to other temperate seagrasses. 相似文献
457.
Chad D. VECITIS Hyunwoong PARK Jie CHENG Brian T. MADER Michael R. HOFFMANN 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2009,3(2):129-151
Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time. 相似文献
458.
459.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industry that has elicited much concern due to the lack of available toxicity data. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AlNP) were listed as a high-priority group in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Steering Group for Test Guidelines. In this study, AlNP 35 ± 18.8 nm in size were administered daily at doses of 15, 30, or 60 mg k?1 for 28 days. A significant decrease in white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes was observed in the group treated with 60 mg kg?1 of AlNP, accompanied by a significant increase in platelets. The concentration of aluminum (Al) rose significantly in the thymus, lung, and brain of the group treated with 60 mg kg?1 of AlNP. However, no significant changes in histopathology were observed. The expression for feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and neurodegeneration-related genes were up-regulated more than twofold by 60 mg kg?1 AlNP. Consequently, data suggest that exposure to AlNP may result in adverse health effects, including but not limited to growth inhibition, immunosuppression, and neurodegeneration. 相似文献
460.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic formaldehyde (FA) exposure on the hippocampus in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model. Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (A) sham-operated bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) with room air inhalation, (B) BCCAO with room air inhalation, (C) sham-operated BCCAO with FA inhalation at a concentration of 10?mL?vapor?m?3, 1?h per day for 90 days, and (D) BCCAO with FA inhalation. Decreased mobility, injected conjunctivae, and overreaction were observed in groups C and D rats after 30 days of FA exposure. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in group D at 90 days after FA exposure. The expression of Bax protein increased, while Bcl-2 and NR2B proteins decreased significantly in group D compared to group B or C. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) positive cells decreased significantly in group D. Neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and the expression of proteins were more prominent at 90 days after FA exposure, especially in group D. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damages in the hippocampus may be a possible mechanism of neurotoxicity as a result of chronic FA exposure. Chronic exposure of FA caused more neuronal damage in the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model. 相似文献