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181.
Comparative analyses for aqueous chlorine using Standard Methods indicated that in chlorinated solutions containing nitrogenous organic compounds, none of these methods gave a reliable measurement of free available chlorine. Examination of the cyanuric acid-aqueous chlorine system showed that combined chlorine reacted as if it were free chlorine in all the Standard Methods. The implication of these studies for water and wastewater chlorination is that in waters containing nitrogenous organic compounds, N-Chloro compounds form which may result in an overestimation of the disinfecting potential of the added chlorine, when free chlorine is measured by Standard Methods. 相似文献
182.
Ehrich Dorothée Schmidt Niels M. Gauthier Gilles Alisauskas Ray Angerbjörn Anders Clark Karin Ecke Frauke Eide Nina E. Framstad Erik Frandsen Jay Franke Alastair Gilg Olivier Giroux Marie-Andrée Henttonen Heikki Hörnfeldt Birger Ims Rolf A. Kataev Gennadiy D. Kharitonov Sergey P. Killengreen Siw T. Krebs Charles J. Lanctot Richard B. Lecomte Nicolas Menyushina Irina E. Morris Douglas W. Morrisson Guy Oksanen Lauri Oksanen Tarja Olofsson Johan Pokrovsky Ivan G. Popov Igor Yu. Reid Donald Roth James D. Saalfeld Sarah T. Samelius Gustaf Sittler Benoit Sleptsov Sergey M. Smith Paul A. Sokolov Aleksandr A. Sokolova Natalya A. Soloviev Mikhail Y. Solovyeva Diana V. 《Ambio》2020,49(3):801-804
Ambio - In the original published article, some of the symbols in figure 1A were modified incorrectly during the typesetting and publication process. The correct version of the figure is provided... 相似文献
183.
Seasonal variation of heavy metals in ambient air and precipitation at a single site in Washington, DC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Melaku S Morris V Raghavan D Hosten C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(1):88-98
Atmospheric samples of precipitation and ambient air were collected at a single site in Washington, DC, for 7 months (for ambient air samples) and 1 year (for wet deposition samples) and analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations for 6-day wet deposition samples collected over the 1-year period were 0.20-1.3 microg/l, 0.060-5.1 microg/l, 0.062-4.6 microg/l and 0.11-3.2 microg/l for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead, respectively, with a precision better than 5% for more than 95% of the measurements. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations for the 6-day ambient air samples were 0.800-15.7 ng/m(3), 1.50-30.0 ng/m(3), 16.8-112 ng/m(3), and 2.90-137 ng/m(3) for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead, respectively, with a precision better than 10%. The spread in the heavy metal concentration over the observation period suggests a high seasonal variability for heavy metal content in both ambient air and wet deposition samples. 相似文献
184.
Yousheng Zeng Jon Morris Albert Sanders Srikanth Mutyala Cory Zeng 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2017,67(11):1180-1191
Response factors (RF) can be used to characterize relative sensitivity of one compound vs. another compound for the same measurement instrument. Use of RF allows the analysts/operators to calibrate the instrument with one compound and make measurement for a large number of compounds. This method is adopted for Flame Ionization Detector (FID) based survey instruments used in the Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) practice for control of fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds. Gas detecting Infrared (IR) cameras have been used for leak detection. However, the RF for IR cameras has not been well established despite some attempt to develop a method for IR camera RF. In addition to a method proposed earlier (Method 1), two new methods for IR camera RF are proposed in this paper: Method 2 based on theoretical approach and Method 3 based on experimental approach. All three methods are examined and compared. Both Methods 2 and 3 have shown the ability to characterize the behavior of RF for various compounds and substantially higher accuracy than Method 1. Method 2 provides a mechanism to generate RF for a large number of compounds without conducting experiments, and is recommended for implementation. The RF derived from this method can be used both in the emerging field of Quantitative Optical Gas Imaging (QOGI) and to answer the most common question that IR camera users ask—whether a particular compound can be imaged by a particular IR camera.Implications: Infrared imager is an efficient tool for detecting gas leaks from process equipment and has been used in leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs for control of fugitive emissions. However, the information regarding which chemical compounds can be imaged and how sensitive a given infrared imager is for various compounds is limited. A theoretical method is presented in this paper that can answer these questions without conducting resource-intensive experiment. The results of this theoretical method has good agreement with experimental data. The method has been used to predict relative sensitivity for 398 compounds. 相似文献
185.
Iris E. Hendriks Tjeerd J. Bouma Edward P. Morris Carlos M. Duarte 《Marine Biology》2010,157(3):473-481
The widespread decline of seagrass beds within the Mediterranean often results in the replacement of seagrasses by opportunistic
green algae of the Caulerpa family. Because Caulerpa beds have a different height, stiffness and density compared to seagrasses, these changes in habitat type modify the interaction
of the seafloor with hydrodynamics, influencing key processes such as sediment resuspension and particle trapping. Here, we
compare the effects on hydrodynamics and particle trapping of Caulerpa taxifolia, C. racemosa, and C. prolifera with the Mediterranean seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica. All macrophyte canopies reduced near-bed volumetric flow rates compared to bare sediment, vertical profiles of turbulent
kinetic energy revealed peak values around the top of the canopies, and maximum values of Reynolds stress increased by a factor
of between 1.4 (C. nodosa) and 324.1 (P. oceanica) when vegetation was present. All canopies enhanced particle retention rates compared to bare sediment. The experimental
C. prolifera canopy was the most effective at particle retention (m2 habitat); however, C. racemosa had the largest particle retention capacity per structure surface area. Hence, in terms of enhancing particle trapping and
reducing hydrodynamic forces at the sediment surface, Caulerpa beds provided a similar or enhanced function compared to P.oceanica and C. nodosa. However, strong seasonality in the leaf area index of C. racemosa and C. taxifolia within the Mediterranean, combined with a weak rhizome structure, suggests that sediments maybe unprotected during winter
storms, when most erosion occurs. Hence, replacement of seagrass beds with Caulerpa is likely to have a major influence on annual sediment dynamics at ecosystem scales. 相似文献
186.
Van Zwieten L Ahmad N Marolt RS Ayres M Morris S 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2001,36(5):501-516
Soil taken from a former cattle tick dip site in NSW Australia, was remediated with a chemical leaching technology. The pre- and post-remediated soil (20g) was dispersed in water (100mL) and subjected to passive diffusion using polymeric membranes. The remediation reduced tDDT from 1174.3 microg/g to 102.9 microg/g (ash weight basis), which was further reduced to 43.2 microg/g with composting. The membranes accumulated 41.3 microg tDDT/g from the dip soil, 49.2 microg tDDT/g from the chemically leached soil and 3.1 microg tDDT/g from the leached composted soil. The chemical leaching removed over 90% of the tDDT, but released soil bound DDT, which was converted to DDE, while 2.99 microg/g was accumulated by the membranes from dip soil, 37.52 microg/g was accumulated from remediated soil. Composting, however, almost eliminated the availability for passive diffusion by the membranes from 50-60 microg/g in remediated soil to 3 -3.5 microg/g in composted soil. Variability studies of the membranes using eight replicates demonstrated that the accumulation by the membranes was reproducible with an average relative error of 20.3% for p,p'-DDT in soil type two, whilst the lowest average relative error for p,p'-DDE was 4.3%, suggesting that triplicate analyses will achieve acceptable accuracy. 相似文献
187.
Field-boundary structure, its use by territorial Whitethroats, and its management by farmers were investigated in southern Wiltshire using a combination of fieldwork and a questionnaire survey. Whitethroats favour wide herbaceous field boundary strips and low hedges. Long-term cultural and short-term economic interests combine to influence farmers' management decisions. Only farmers with game and conservation interests claimed to adopt field-boundary management that would benefit Whitethroats, but across all farms, intended and actual herbaceous strips were too narrow, and their management too imprecise, for Whitethroats and other wildlife. Agricultural advisors and magazines were the main influences on farmers' management decisions. Improving habitat for Whitethroats could have both agronomic and wider conservation benefits, and the provision of information that accommodates farmers' cultural and economic incentives could benefit both farmers and wildlife. 相似文献
188.
The uses of a thermally reductive gasification process in conjunction with vitrification and cementation for the long-term disposal of low level radioactive materials have been investigated. gamma-ray spectroscopy was used for analysis of carrier-free protactinium-233 and neptunium-239 and a stoichiometric amount of cerium (observed cerium-141) subsequent to gasification and leaching, up to 48 days. High resolution ICP-MS was used to analyze the cerium, thorium, and uranium from 46 to 438 days of leaching. Leaching procedures followed the guidance of ASTM Procedure C 1220-92, Standard Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive Waste. The combination of the thermally reductive pretreatment, vitrification and cementation produced a highly non-leachable form suitable for long-term disposal of cerium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, and neptunium. 相似文献
189.
Increased participation in resource management decisions by a wide range of stakeholders has been widely advocated, and has recently been formally incorporated into the European Water Framework Directive. However, achieving such participation has generally proved to be problematical. In response to locally perceived needs, a project was set up in the Ythan catchment in northeast Scotland, to undertake catchment management actions with increased public involvement. This paper outlines the methods used to increase public participation in such actions, and some preliminary assessments of the effectiveness of these. The experience of the project and the lessons learnt, including some of the difficulties of ensuring fully representative stakeholder involvement, are discussed in relation to published criteria for public participation in resource management. 相似文献
190.