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31.
Lenaïg G. Hemery Kristin K. Politano Sarah K. Henkel 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(8):413
With increasing cascading effects of climate change on the marine environment, as well as pollution and anthropogenic utilization of the seafloor, there is increasing interest in tracking changes to benthic communities. Macrofaunal surveys are traditionally conducted as part of pre-incident environmental assessment studies and post-incident monitoring studies when there is a potential impact to the seafloor. These surveys usually characterize the structure and/or spatiotemporal distribution of macrofaunal assemblages collected with sediment cores; however, many different sampling protocols have been used. An assessment of the comparability of past and current survey methods was in need to facilitate future surveys and comparisons. This was the aim of the present study, conducted off the Oregon coast in waters 25–35 m deep. Our results show that the use of a sieve with a 1.0-mm mesh size gives results for community structure comparable to results obtained from a 0.5-mm mesh size, which allows reliable comparisons of recent and past spatiotemporal surveys of macroinfauna. In addition to our primary objective of comparing methods, we also found interacting effects of seasons and depths of collection. Seasonal differences (summer and fall) were seen in infaunal assemblages in the wave-induced sediment motion zone but not deeper. Thus, studies where wave-induced sediment motion can structure the benthic communities, especially during the winter months, should consider this effect when making temporal comparisons. In addition, some macrofauna taxa-like polychaetes and amphipods show high interannual variabilities, so spatiotemporal studies should make sure to cover several years before drawing any conclusions. 相似文献
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Bury Stanisław Zając Bartłomiej Okarma Henryk Kolanek Aleksandra 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(6):8334-8340
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Depletion of free-living populations is often associated with changes in fitness-related traits, e.g., body size. Ongoing decrease in body size has... 相似文献
36.
Light regime in an Arctic fjord: a study related to stratospheric ozone depletion as a basis for determination of UV effects on algal growth 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
D. Hanelt H. Tüg K. Bischof C. Groß H. Lippert T. Sawall C. Wiencke 《Marine Biology》2001,138(3):649-658
Solar radiation as a primary abiotic factor affecting productivity of seaweeds was monitored in the Arctic Kongsfjord on
Spitsbergen from 1996 to 1998. The radiation was measured in air and underwater, with special emphasis on the UV-B (ultraviolet
B, 280–320 nm) radiation, which may increase under conditions of stratospheric ozone depletion. The recorded irradiances were
related to ozone concentrations measured concurrently in the atmosphere above the Kongsfjord with a balloon-carried ozone
probe and by TOMS satellite. For comparison, an ozone index (a spectroradiometrically determined irradiance of a wavelength
dependent on ozone concentration, standardized to a non-affected wavelength) was used to indicate the total ozone concentration
present in the atmosphere. Weather conditions and, hence, solar irradiance measured at ground level were seldom stable throughout
the study. UV-B irradiation was clearly dependent on the actual ozone concentration in the atmosphere with a maximal fluence
rate of downward irradiance of 0.27 W m−2 on the ground and a maximal daily fluence (radiation exposure) of 23.3 kJ m−2. To characterize the water body, the light transmittance, temperature and salinity were monitored at two different locations:
(1) at a sheltered shallow-water bay and (2) at a wave-exposed, deep-water location within the Kongsfjord. During the clearest
water conditions in spring, the vertical attenuation coefficient (K
d) for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 0.12 m−1 and for UV-B 0.34 m−1. In spring, coinciding with low temperatures and clear water conditions, the harmful UV radiation penetrated deeply into
the water column and the threshold irradiance negatively affecting primary plant productivity was still found at about 5–6 m
depth. The water body in spring was characterized as a Jerlov coastal water type 1. With increasing temperature in summer,
snow layers and glacier ice melted, resulting in a high discharge of turbid fresh water into the fjord. This caused a stratification
in the optical features, the salinity and temperature of the water body. During melt-water input, a turbid freshwater layer
was formed above the more dense sea water. Under these conditions, light attenuation was stronger than defined for a Jerlov
coastal water type 9. Solar radiation was strongly attenuated in the first few metres of the water column. Consequently, organisms
in deeper water are protected against harmful UV-B radiation. In the surface water, turbidity decreased when rising tide caused
an advection of clearer oceanic water. In the course of the summer season, salinity continuously decreased and water temperature
increased particularly in shallow water regions. The impact of global climate change on the radiation conditions under water
and its effects on primary production of seaweeds are discussed, since organisms in the eulittoral and upper sublittoral zones
are affected by UV radiation throughout the polar day. In clearer water conditions during spring, this may also apply to organisms
inhabiting greater depths.
Received: 20 June 2000 / Accepted: 17 October 2000 相似文献
37.
Zeinab Amrollahi Ivar S. Ertesvåg Olav Bolland 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(3):422-426
A chemical absorption, post-combustion CO2 capture unit is simulated and an exergy analysis has been conducted, including irreversibility calculations for all process units. By pinpointing major irreversibilities, new proposals for efficient energy integrated chemical absorption process are suggested. Further, a natural-gas combined-cycle power plant with a CO2 capture unit has been analyzed on an exergetic basis. By defining exergy balances and black-box models for plant units, investigation has been made to determine effect of each unit on the overall exergy efficiency. Simulation of the chemical absorption plant was done using UniSim Design software with Amines Property Package. For natural-gas combined-cycle design, GT PRO software (Thermoflow, Inc.) has been used. For exergy calculations, spreadsheets are created with Microsoft Excel by importing data from UniSim and GT PRO. Results show the exergy efficiency of 21.2% for the chemical absorption CO2 capture unit and 67% for the CO2 compression unit. The total exergy efficiency of CO2 capture and compression unit is 31.6%. 相似文献
38.
Sánchez Jiménez A van Tongeren M Galea KS Steinsvåg K MacCalman L Cherrie JW 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(6):1841-1846
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and the TSI portable photometer SidePak to measure airborne oil mist particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters below 10 μm, 2.5 μm and 1 μm (PM(10), PM(2.5) and PM(1)). Three SidePaks each fitted with either a PM(10), PM(2.5) or a PM(1) impactor and an APS were run side by side in a controlled chamber. Oil mist from two different mineral oils and two different drilling fluid systems commonly used in offshore drilling technologies were generated using a nebulizer. Compared to the APS, the SidePaks overestimated the concentration of PM(10) and PM(2.5) by one order of magnitude and PM(1) concentrations by two orders of magnitude after exposure to oil mist for 3.3-6.5 min at concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 18.1 mg m(-3) for PM(10), 0.002 to 3.96 mg m(-3) for PM(2.5) and 0.001 to 0.418 mg m(-3) for PM(1) (as measured by the APS). In a second experiment a SidePak monitor previously exposed to oil mist overestimated PM(10) concentrations by 27% compared to measurements from another SidePak never exposed to oil mist. This could be a result of condensation of oil mist droplets in the optical system of the SidePak. The SidePak is a very useful instrument for personal monitoring in occupational hygiene due to its light weight and quiet pump. However, it may not be suitable for the measurement of particle concentrations from oil mist. 相似文献
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Gülay Baysal Haluk Aydın Halil Hoşgören Serhat Uzan Hatice Karaer 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2016,24(2):139-147
Polyurethane-based nanocomposites were prepared and their dielectric properties were characterized. Polyurethane (PU) composites were prepared with different organoclay content (1, 3, 5, and 10 wt% for all cases). The composites included quaternary ammonium salts such as 1-methyl-di-octyl-1 phenyl ammonium iodide (QAS-1), 1-methyl-di-nonyl-1 phenyl ammonium iodide (QAS-2), and 1-methyl-di-dodecyl-1 phenyl ammonium iodide (QAS-3) which were newly synthesized for modification of Na+-montmorillonite. Addition of aluminum silicate enhanced the dielectric properties at a constant concentration. Dielectric constants of nanocomposites compounded with 3 %- and 5 %-organoclay were close in value. The characterization of PU/organoclay composites was carried out using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. 相似文献