全球变暖对青藏高原腹地草地资源的影响

全球变化导致青藏高原腹地气候的暖干化趋势,也引起该区高寒草甸植被向高寒草原植被的退化。研究区内为高寒草甸一高寒草原过渡区,高寒草甸植被的退化速率为14.2km/10a,而相应地在退化区内生物总量亦呈下降趋势。气候暖干化是引起高原腹地植被退化的原因。而植被退化与区域生物总量的下降将成为影响该区环境自调能力和牧业经济发展的消极因素。     

试论地震预测预报的公关宣传策略

从社会科学的公共关系学和公关心理学理论并结合地震探索的实践上对地震预测预报问题进行了讨论。指出过去对该科学领域的评价与宣传报道有不尽完善之处。文中尝试给出了关于地震能否预测, 如何评价等敏感问题的公关宣传策略。     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

炼油企业设备完整性管理初始状态评价探索与实践

针对某炼厂试点装置的设备完整性管理体系执行状况开展了初始状态评价。本次评价以美国职业安全与卫生署《化学品过程安全管理》设备完整性要素为基础,结合过程安全管理符合性导则与建议、机械完整性实施指南等业界最佳实践,编制评价问项,组建包含管理、工艺、设备人员和承包商在内的评价工作组,采取查阅档案、信息化平台纪录,面对面访谈,作业现场考察与验证,评价工作会等方式,以半定量的方式找出了设备完整性管理体系较高的残余风险,对设备完整性管理体系框架结构和管理文件体系以及绩效指标体系提出了针对性改进建议。     

Photo-induced transformations of Hg(Ⅱ) species in the presence of Nitzschia hantzschiana,ferric ion,and humic acid

Effects of algae Nitzschia hantzschiana, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, humic acid, and pH on the photochemical reduction of Hg(Ⅱ) using the irradiation of metal halide lamps (λ 365 nm, 250 W) were investigated. The photoreduction rate of Hg(Ⅱ) was found to increase with increasing concentrations of algae, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, and humic acid. Alteration of pH value affected the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution with or without algae. The photoreduction rate of Hg(II) decreased with increasing initial Hg(Ⅱ) concentration in aqueous solution in the presence of algae. The photochemical kinetics of initial Hg(Ⅱ) and algae concentrations on the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) were studied at pH 7.0. The study on the total Hg mass balance in terms of photochemical process revealed that more than 42% of Hg(Ⅱ) from the algal suspension was reduced to volatile metallic Hg under the conditions investigated.     

Perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled water and milk collected from different areas in China

As a new emerging environmental contaminant, perchlorate has prompted people to pay more attention. The presence of perchlorate in the human body can result in improper regulation of metabolism for adults. Furthermore, it also causes developmental and behavioral problems for infants and children because it can interfere with iodide uptake into the thyroid tissue. In this paper, perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was detected for investigating the perchlorate pollution status in China. The places, where the samples were collected, cover most regions of China. Therefore, the final data on perchlorate levels will give an indication of the perchlorate pollution status in China. The final determination of perchlorate was performed by ion chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with negative mode. The concentration of perchlorate in sewage sludge, rice, bottled drinking water and milk was in the range of 0.56-379.9 microg/kg, 0.16-4.88 mug/kg, 0.037-2.013 microg/L and 0.30-9.1 microg/L, respectively. The results show that perchlorate has been widespread in China.     

紫外光谱法测定苯酚与苯胺和对苯二酚

苯酚、苯胺和对苯二酚在紫外区具有吸收。文章采用紫外光谱法,分别对苯酚、笨胺和对苯二酚不同浓度的溶液进行紫外扫描,结果表明苯酚、苯胺和对苯二酚的最大吸收波长分别为269.9 nm,280.30 nm,289.40 nm,对于同种物质不同浓度的溶液,其最大吸收波长相同;波长一定的情况下,物质的浓度越高,吸光度越大。然后通过加和性试验,分别对40 mg/L苯酚溶液、30 mg/L苯胺溶液、50 mg/L对苯二酚溶液进行紫外线扫描,将其相应波长的吸光度加和,再对单组分浓度相同的三组分混合溶液进行扫描,将实际加和与理论加和相比较,得出三组分的吸光度具有加和性。     

石化行业危险废物处理处置途径探讨

在分析石化行业危险废物产生和处理处置现状的基础上,结合国家相关的政策和标准,分析了石化行业危险废物进行水泥窑协同处置的潜力,并对石化企业与水泥企业合作的可能性和合作方式进行了探讨.     

纳米银和银离子对2种微藻的急性毒性效应

为了探讨AgNPs对典型微藻的急性毒性效应及其机制,采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备AgNPs,以摇瓶实验法评估了不同浓度的AgNPs和Ag+对铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻叶绿素a含量、形态结构和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。实验结果表明:AgNPs对普通小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的96 h-EC50分别为1.113 mg·L-1和0.697 mg·L-1,而Ag+对2种藻的96 h-EC50分别为0.106 mg·L-1和0.032 mg·L-1。扫描电镜结果表明:AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞表面出现褶皱,细胞变形甚至向内塌陷。对铜绿微囊藻部分细胞出现变形变得不规则,且出现某些胞外物质使细胞粘附在一起。透射电镜观察发现,高浓度Ag+处理使2种藻的细胞均发生质壁分离,部分细胞转变为孢子。而AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞蛋白核增大,蛋白核与类囊体区无明显连接通道。铜绿微囊藻拟核区膨大,类囊体和色素体被推向四周,部分类囊体断裂,同时,发现该藻可以分泌胞外物质在细胞周围吸附AgNPs颗粒。对于普通小球藻,0.6 mg·L-1AgNPs处理后细胞光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产率ΦP0相对于CK没有显著差异,但0.09 mg·L-1Ag+处理使ΦP0显著增加。在高浓度AgNPs或Ag+处理时,ΦP0均显著降低。AgNPs未对普通小球藻光系统II性能参数PI_Abs造成影响,但不同浓度Ag+处理均使得该参数显著升高。对于铜绿微囊藻,2种毒物均使其ΦP0显著降低。而PI_Abs仅在2种毒物的最高浓度处理时显著降低。综上,AgNPs对2种藻的急性毒性远小于Ag+,而两者对铜绿微囊藻的毒性均大于普通小球藻。AgNPs胁迫使2种藻叶绿素a含量显著降低,并诱导2种藻在形态结构和光合生理方面发生了显著变化,造成不同程度的损伤,但与Ag+的毒性效应存在一定的差异。提高光吸收能通量补偿耗散能量和分泌胞外物质结合Ag+是微藻2种重要的解毒机制。     

中国城市污泥土地利用限制性因素及前景分析

污泥土地利用是一种有效的污泥处置方式,然而由于污泥性质、污泥相关法律法规及标准、污泥产品出路等因素,限制了污泥土地利用在中国的应用.文章针对污泥土地利用的限制性因素,提出了相应的措施和建议,分析了污泥土地利用在中国的前景,指出采用符合国家要求的污泥产品进行安全环保的污泥土地利用是一种有效的污泥处置途径,也是今后中国污泥处理处置可选择的一条合理化道路.