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351.
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen Ute Sass-Klaassen Lourens Poorter Koert van Geffen Richard S. P. van Logtestijn Jurgen van Hal Leo Goudzwaard Frank J. Sterck René K. W. M. Klaassen Grégoire T. Freschet Annemieke van der Wal Henk Eshuis Juan Zuo Wietse de Boer Teun Lamers Monique Weemstra Vincent Cretin Rozan Martin Jan den Ouden Matty P. Berg Rien Aerts Godefridus M. J. Mohren Mariet M. Hefting 《Ambio》2012,41(3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term ‘common-garden’ experiment to disentangle the effects of species’ wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
352.
Biomarkers and low-molecular weight polyaromatic compounds have been extensively studied for their fate in the environment. They are used for oil spill source identification and monitoring of weathering and degradation processes. However, in some cases, the absence or presence of very low concentration of such components restricts the access of information to spill source. Here we followed the resistance of high-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics to the simulated weathering condition of North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The sulfur aromatics in North Sea crude having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 6 to 14 with a mass range 188-674 Da were less influenced even after 6 months artificial weathering. Moreover, the ratio of dibenzothiophenes (DBE 9)/naphthenodibenzothiophenes (DBE 10) was 1.30 and 1.36 in crude oil and 6 months weathered sample, respectively reflecting its weathering stability. It also showed some differences within other oils. Hence, this ratio can be used as a marker of the studied crude and accordingly may be applied for spilled oil source identification in such instances where the light components have already been lost due to environmental influences. 相似文献
353.
Impact changes of climatic extremes on arable farming in the north of the Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Schaap Ben F. Blom-Zandstra Margaretha Hermans Christiane M. L. Meerburg Bastiaan G. Verhagen Jan 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):731-741
Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change in multiple ways. Here, we use the northern region of the Netherlands as a case
study to explore how risk assessments for climate change impacts on crop production can address multiple vulnerabilities.
We present a methodology, which we call agro climate calendar (ACC) that (i) includes potential yield losses, as well as loss
of product quality, and (ii) assesses the risks of a variety of climate factors including weather extremes and the emergence
and abundance of pests and diseases. Climate factors are defined for two time slices: 1990 (1976–2005) and 2040 (2026–2055);
the frequency of occurrence of the factors is compared for the two periods, and the resulting frequency shifts are presented
in a crop calendar on a monthly basis. This yields an indication of the magnitude and direction of changes in climatic conditions
that can lead to damage by extreme events and pests and diseases. We present results for the two most important crops in the
region, seed potato, and winter wheat. The results provide a good overview of risks from climate factors, and the most important
threats and opportunities are identified. This semi-quantitative approach is firmly rooted in farm management, which is the
level where operational and strategic decisions are made. Thus, the approach is well suited to assist local stakeholders such
as farmers and policy makers to explore farm-level adaptation. This work is complementary to previous modeling work that focused
mainly on the relation between mean climate change factors (i.e., temperature) and crop yield. 相似文献
354.
Lesschen JP Velthof GL de Vries W Kros J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3215-3222
Nitrous oxide (N2O) direct soil emissions from agriculture are often estimated using the default IPCC emission factor (EF) of 1%. However, a large variation in EFs exists due to differences in environment, crops and management. We developed an approach to determine N2O EFs that depend on N-input sources and environmental factors. The starting point of the method was a monitoring study in which an EF of 1% was found. The conditions of this experiment were set as the reference from which the effects of 16 sources of N input, three soil types, two land-use types and annual precipitation on the N2O EF were estimated. The derived EF inference scheme performed on average better than the default IPCC EF. The use of differentiated EFs, including different regional conditions, allows accounting for the effects of more mitigation measures and offers European countries a possibility to use a Tier 2 approach. 相似文献
355.
Distribution, speciation and availability of antimony (Sb) in soils and terrestrial plants from an active Sb mining area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gudny Okkenhaug Yong-Guan ZhuLei Luo Ming LeiXi Li Jan Mulder 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2427-2434
Here, we present one of the first studies investigating the mobility, solubility and the speciation-dependent in-situ bioaccumulation of antimony (Sb) in an active Sb mining area (Xikuangshan, China). Total Sb concentrations in soils are high (527-11,798 mg kg−1), and all soils, including those taken from a paddy field and a vegetable garden, show a high bioavailable Sb fraction (6.3-748 mg kg−1), dominated by Sb(V). Elevated concentrations in native plant species (109-4029 mg kg−1) underpin this. Both chemical equilibrium studies and XANES data suggest the presence of Ca[Sb(OH)6]2, controlling Sb solubility. A very close relationship was found between the citric acid extractable Sb in plants and water or sulfate extractable Sb in soil, indicating that citric acid extractable Sb content in plants may be a better predictor for bioavailable Sb in soil than total acid digestible Sb plant content. 相似文献
356.
Survey of patterns,levels, and trends of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms and bird eggs from representative German ecosystems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rüdel H Müller J Jürling H Bartel-Steinbach M Koschorreck J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1457-1470
Purpose
Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994–1996, 2000–2002, and 2006–2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4–C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. 相似文献357.
A 30-year series (1978–2007) of photographic records were analysed to determine changes in lake ice cover, local (low elevation)
and montane (high elevation) snow cover and phenological stages of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) at the Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. In most cases, the photographic-derived data showed no significant difference
in phenophase score from manually observed field records from the same period, demonstrating the accuracy and potential of
using weekly repeat photography as a quicker, cheaper and more adaptable tool to remotely study phenology in both biological
and physical systems. Overall, increases in ambient temperatures coupled with decreases in winter ice and snow cover, and
earlier occurrence of birch foliage, signal a reduction in the length of winter, a shift towards earlier springs and an increase
in the length of available growing season in the Swedish sub-arctic. 相似文献
358.
The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Steffen W Persson A Deutsch L Zalasiewicz J Williams M Richardson K Crumley C Crutzen P Folke C Gordon L Molina M Ramanathan V Rockström J Scheffer M Schellnhuber HJ Svedin U 《Ambio》2011,40(7):739-761
Over the past century, the total material wealth of humanity has been enhanced. However, in the twenty-first century, we face scarcity in critical resources, the degradation of ecosystem services, and the erosion of the planet's capability to absorb our wastes. Equity issues remain stubbornly difficult to solve. This situation is novel in its speed, its global scale and its threat to the resilience of the Earth System. The advent of the Anthropence, the time interval in which human activities now rival global geophysical processes, suggests that we need to fundamentally alter our relationship with the planet we inhabit. Many approaches could be adopted, ranging from geoengineering solutions that purposefully manipulate parts of the Earth System to becoming active stewards of our own life support system. The Anthropocene is a reminder that the Holocene, during which complex human societies have developed, has been a stable, accommodating environment and is the only state of the Earth System that we know for sure can support contemporary society. The need to achieve effective planetary stewardship is urgent. As we go further into the Anthropocene, we risk driving the Earth System onto a trajectory toward more hostile states from which we cannot easily return. 相似文献
359.
Callaghan TV Tweedie CE Akerman J Andrews C Bergstedt J Butler MG Christensen TR Cooley D Dahlberg U Danby RK Daniëls FJ de Molenaar JG Dick J Mortensen CE Ebert-May D Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Hedenås H Henry H R G Hik DS Hobbie JE Jantze EJ Jaspers C Johansson C Johansson M Johnson DR Johnstone JF Jonasson C Kennedy C Kenney AJ Keuper F Koh S Krebs CJ Lantuit H Lara MJ Lin D Lougheed VL Madsen J Matveyeva N Mcewen DC Myers-Smith IH Narozhniy YK Olsson H Pohjola VA Price LW Rigét F Rundqvist S 《Ambio》2011,40(6):705-716
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies. 相似文献
360.
Josef Hrnčiřík Jiří Pšeja Jan Kupec Světlana Bernkopfová 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(2):98-103
This work focused on anaerobic biodegradation of blends composed of glycerol-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and biopolymer
(starch, gellan, xanthan) in an aqueous environment, after inoculation with digested activated sludge from a municipal wastewater
treatment plant. Glycerol degradability is comparable to degradability of used modifying agents. Modifying agents added in
the 20–40 wt% range proportionally increased biodegradation degree (Dt) calculated from balance of transformed carbon in the system. Biodegradation degree of polysaccharides and glycerol attained
95% and over. For PVA it was only 6.5% (in breakdown times up to 500 h). Content of polysaccharides favorably affects biodegradation
degree of polyvinyl alcohol blends, but at the expense of reduced mechanical properties of resultant products. 相似文献