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441.
Lesschen JP Velthof GL de Vries W Kros J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3215-3222
Nitrous oxide (N2O) direct soil emissions from agriculture are often estimated using the default IPCC emission factor (EF) of 1%. However, a large variation in EFs exists due to differences in environment, crops and management. We developed an approach to determine N2O EFs that depend on N-input sources and environmental factors. The starting point of the method was a monitoring study in which an EF of 1% was found. The conditions of this experiment were set as the reference from which the effects of 16 sources of N input, three soil types, two land-use types and annual precipitation on the N2O EF were estimated. The derived EF inference scheme performed on average better than the default IPCC EF. The use of differentiated EFs, including different regional conditions, allows accounting for the effects of more mitigation measures and offers European countries a possibility to use a Tier 2 approach. 相似文献
442.
Callaghan TV Tweedie CE Akerman J Andrews C Bergstedt J Butler MG Christensen TR Cooley D Dahlberg U Danby RK Daniëls FJ de Molenaar JG Dick J Mortensen CE Ebert-May D Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Hedenås H Henry H R G Hik DS Hobbie JE Jantze EJ Jaspers C Johansson C Johansson M Johnson DR Johnstone JF Jonasson C Kennedy C Kenney AJ Keuper F Koh S Krebs CJ Lantuit H Lara MJ Lin D Lougheed VL Madsen J Matveyeva N Mcewen DC Myers-Smith IH Narozhniy YK Olsson H Pohjola VA Price LW Rigét F Rundqvist S 《Ambio》2011,40(6):705-716
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies. 相似文献
443.
Distribution, speciation and availability of antimony (Sb) in soils and terrestrial plants from an active Sb mining area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gudny Okkenhaug Yong-Guan ZhuLei Luo Ming LeiXi Li Jan Mulder 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2427-2434
Here, we present one of the first studies investigating the mobility, solubility and the speciation-dependent in-situ bioaccumulation of antimony (Sb) in an active Sb mining area (Xikuangshan, China). Total Sb concentrations in soils are high (527-11,798 mg kg−1), and all soils, including those taken from a paddy field and a vegetable garden, show a high bioavailable Sb fraction (6.3-748 mg kg−1), dominated by Sb(V). Elevated concentrations in native plant species (109-4029 mg kg−1) underpin this. Both chemical equilibrium studies and XANES data suggest the presence of Ca[Sb(OH)6]2, controlling Sb solubility. A very close relationship was found between the citric acid extractable Sb in plants and water or sulfate extractable Sb in soil, indicating that citric acid extractable Sb content in plants may be a better predictor for bioavailable Sb in soil than total acid digestible Sb plant content. 相似文献
444.
Survey of patterns,levels, and trends of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms and bird eggs from representative German ecosystems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rüdel H Müller J Jürling H Bartel-Steinbach M Koschorreck J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1457-1470
Purpose
Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994–1996, 2000–2002, and 2006–2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4–C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. 相似文献445.
Phthalocyanines are prospective chemicals that have applications in industry, medicine and biology due especially to their architectural flexibility and production of reactive oxygen species. Although they are used in so many areas of human activities nowadays, there is still little knowledge of their ecotoxicity. Here we present the first observation of their toxic effects on representatives of the aquatic plants Lemna minor. The tested phthalocyanines possess a wide spectrum of phytotoxicity ranging from seldom (>50 mg L−1) to highly toxic 0.11 mg L−1. Moreover, the potential of phthalocyanines to be used as selective cyanocides or herbicides is discussed as well. 相似文献
446.
Kim Everaert Jan Baeyens 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):718-724
ABSTRACT Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) operators frequently have expressed the need for an indirect indication of the expected production of PCDD/F and associated abatement procedures through a possible correlation with other real-time data, through using marker pollutants (e.g., penta/hexachlorinated aromatics), or through other indications. Since real-time measurement of PCDD/F is impossible, a correlation of PCDD/F emissions with other operating parameters could help in achieving these goals. Literature data of large-scale MSWIs concerning these correlations are scarce and seldom conclusive. Extensive data of Flemish MSWIs are used to statistically assess possible correlations of PCDD/F and other operating parameters. The effect of temperature in the electrostatic precipita-tor (ESP) is of major importance. When converting values measured between 180 and 270 °C to a reference temperature of, for example, 230 °C, PCDD/F concentrations achieve nearly constant values, stressing that the major correlating parameter is the temperature of the ESP. High temperatures that enhance de novo synthesis should be avoided. 相似文献
447.
Ine Dorresteijn Andra Ioana Milcu Julia Leventon Jan Hanspach Joern Fischer 《Ambio》2016,45(4):490-500
Facilitating human–carnivore coexistence depends on the biophysical environment but also on social factors. Focusing on Central Romania, we conducted 71 semi-structured interviews to explore human–bear (Ursus arctos) coexistence. Qualitative content and discourse analysis identified three socially mediated thematic strands, which showed different ways in which perceived interactions between people, bears and the environment shape coexistence. The “landscape-bear strand” described perceptions of the way in which the landscape offers resources for the bear, while the “landscape-human strand” related to ways in which humans experience the landscape. The “management strand” related to the way bears was managed. All three strands highlight both threats and opportunities for the peaceful coexistence of people and bears. Management and policy interventions could be improved by systematically considering the possible effects of interventions on each of the three strands shaping coexistence. Future research should explore the relevance of the identified thematic strands in other settings worldwide.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0760-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献448.
Enzyme activity and microorganisms diversity in soil contaminated with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jan Kucharski Monika Tomkiel Małgorzata Baćmaga Agata Borowik 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(7):446-454
Next-generation herbicides are relatively safe when used properly, but the recommended rates are relatively low, which can lead to overdosing. This study evaluated the responses of soil-dwelling microorganisms and soil enzymes to contamination with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide. The analyzed product contains active ingredients flufenacet and isoxaflutole. All tests were performed under laboratory conditions. The analyzed material was sandy clay. Boreal 58 WG was introduced to soil in four doses. Soil without the addition of the herbicide served as the control. The soil was mixed with the tested herbicide, and its moisture content was maintained at 50% of capillary water capacity. Biochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on experimental days 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160. Accidental contamination of soil with the Boreal 58 WG herbicide led to a relatively minor imbalance in the soil microbiological and biochemical profile. The herbicide dose influenced dehydrogenase activity in only 0.84%, urease activity in 2.04%, β-glucosidase activity in 8.26%, catalase activity in 12.40%, arylsulfatase activity in 12.54%, acid phosphatase activity in 42.11%, numbers of organotrophic bacteria in 18.29%, actinomyces counts in 1.31% and fungi counts in 6.86%. 相似文献
449.
Considering the locals: coastal construction and destruction in times of climate change on Anjouan,Comoros
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The current discussion of anticipated climate change impacts and future sea level rise is particularly relevant to small island states. An increase in natural hazards, such as floods and storm waves, is likely to have a devastating impact on small islands' coastlines, severely affecting targeted sustainable development. Coastal erosion, notably human‐induced erosion, has been an ongoing threat to small island biodiversity, resources, infrastructure, and settlements, as well as society at large. In the context of climate change, the problem of coastal erosion and the debate surrounding it is gaining momentum. Before attributing associated impacts to climate change, current human activities need to be analysed, focusing not only on geomorphological and climatological aspects, but also on political and traditional cultural frameworks. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the social‐political‐ecological systems analysis for adaptation strategies, and thus for future sustainable development. Coastal use is based on human constructs of the coast, as well as local perceptions and values ascribed to the coast. We use the case study of Anjouan, Comoros to differentiate between constructive and destructive practices on the coast, from both a mental and technical perspective. Beach erosion is described as more than a resource problem that manifests itself locally rather than nationally. Divergent political scales of interest impact future development as much as local action. Local action is not least framed by mental contribution and attribution of coasts as places for living, recreation and resource use. The present case study demonstrates that mental constructs of coasts as valuable areas can, in some cases, lead to the protection and preservation of beaches by initiatives of collective action. At the same time, local communities see the negative impacts of sand mining as causes of coastal erosion and, therefore, it is difficult to mobilize them to adapt to climate change and sea level rise. 相似文献
450.
H. E. Markus Meier Helén C. Andersson Berit Arheimer Chantal Donnelly Kari Eilola Bo G. Gustafsson Lech Kotwicki Tina-Simone Neset Susa Niiranen Joanna Piwowarczyk Oleg P. Savchuk Frederik Schenk Jan Marcin Węsławski Eduardo Zorita 《Ambio》2014,43(1):37-48
We present a multi-model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, and investigate the combined impact of changing climate, external nutrient supply, and fisheries on the marine ecosystem. The applied regional climate system model contains state-of-the-art component models for the atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, land surface, terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, and marine food-web. Time-dependent scenario simulations for the period 1960–2100 are performed and uncertainties of future projections are estimated. In addition, reconstructions since 1850 are carried out to evaluate the models sensitivity to external stressors on long time scales. Information from scenario simulations are used to support decision-makers and stakeholders and to raise awareness of climate change, environmental problems, and possible abatement strategies among the general public using geovisualization. It is concluded that the study results are relevant for the Baltic Sea Action Plan of the Helsinki Commission. 相似文献