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731.
Bustnes JO Nygård T Dempster T Ciesielski T Jenssen BM Bjørn PA Uglem I 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(6):1687-1694
Earlier assessments have suggested that salmon farms may act as a source of mercury (Hg) and other elements in local marine environments. In this study, we measured 30 elements in the livers of demersal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and pelagic saithe (Pollachius virens) caught in association with salmon farms (farm associated [FA]; n = 75) or at reference locations (control; n = 80) in three regions throughout the latitudinal extent of Norway (59-70° N). Concentrations of most elements (24 of 30) were higher (20-70%) in cod compared to saithe. In particular, Hg was 6.8 times higher in cod than saithe. Nine elements were significantly different between FA saithe and control saithe, but only four (Hg, U, Cr and Mn) were highest in FA saithe, and this pattern was only detected consistently across all locations for Hg. Thirteen elements differed in concentration between FA cod and control cod, but only three elements (U, Al and Ba) were higher in FA cod than controls, and this pattern was only detected consistently across all locations for Al. After controlling for a set of potentially confounding variables, the estimated concentrations of Hg in saithe livers were ~80% higher in FA fish compared to controls. In contrast, Hg concentrations were ~40% higher in control cod compared to FA cod. Our results do not support the notion that salmon farms in general increase the concentrations of potentially harmful elements in wild fish, and the distribution of Hg and other elements in cod and saithe in Norwegian coastal waters may be more influenced by habitat use, diet, geochemical conditions and water chemistry. 相似文献
732.
Decisions about disaster preparedness are rarely informed by cost‐benefit analyses. This paper presents an economic model to address the thorny question, ‘how prepared is prepared enough?’ Difficulties related to the use of cost‐benefit analysis in the field of disaster management concern the tension between the large number of high‐probability events that can be handled by a single emergency response unit and the small number of low‐probability events that must be handled by a large number of them. A further special feature of disaster management concerns the opportunity for cooperation between different emergency response units. To account for these issues, we introduce a portfolio approach. Our analysis shows that it would be useful to define disaster preparedness not in terms of capacities, but in terms of the frequency with which response capacity is expected to fall short. 相似文献
733.
This paper examines the possibilities of developing agri-environmental policy measures in Israel, focusing on market-oriented
instruments. A conceptual framework for developing agri-environmental policy measures is presented, first in very broad lines
(mandatory regulations, economic instruments and advisory measures) and subsequently focusing on economic instruments, and
specifically, on market-oriented ones. Two criteria of choice between the measures are suggested: their contribution to improving
the effectiveness of the policy; and the feasibility of their implementation. This is the framework used for analyzing agri-environmental
measures in Israel. Israel currently implements a mix of mandatory regulations, economic instruments and advisory measures
to promote the agri-environment. The use of additional economic instruments may improve the effectiveness of the policy. When
comparing the effectiveness of various economic measures, we found that the feasibility of implementation of market-oriented
instruments is greater, due to the Israeli public’s preference for strengthening market orientation in the agricultural sector.
Four market-oriented instruments were practiced in a pilot project conducted in an Israeli rural area. We found that in this
case study, the institutional feasibility and acceptance by stakeholders were the major parameters influencing the implementation
of the market-oriented instruments, whereas the instruments’ contribution to enhancing the ecological or economic effectiveness
were hardly considered by the stakeholders as arguments in favor of their use. 相似文献
734.
Csaba Moskát Erik C. Rosendaal Myra Boers Anikó Zölei Miklós Bán Jan Komdeur 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(5):1045-1053
Hosts of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), an avian brood parasite, develop antiparasite defense mechanisms to increase their reproductive success. Ejection of the
parasite egg and desertion of the parasitized nest are the most typical adaptations in response to brood parasitism, but nest
desertion may also occur in response to partial clutch reduction, independently from parasitism. Some great reed warblers
(Acrocephalus arundinaceus) showed both mechanisms in the same incidence of cuckoo parasitism: in 18% of successful ejections of the parasite eggs,
they deserted their nests. We studied if such cases of post-ejection nest-desertion are caused by brood parasitism or reduced
clutch value. We experimentally parasitized clutches consisting of five or three host eggs with two painted conspecific eggs
to mimic parasitic eggs, as multiple parasitism is frequent in the area. Although hosts ejected these parasitic eggs in both
clutch categories (100% and 67% for the larger and smaller inital clutch sizes, respectively), we found that after manipulation,
post-ejection nest-desertion frequently occurred at small (3-egg) clutches (40%), but rarely at large (5-egg) clutches (17%).
The same phenomenon also occurred when unparasitized 3-egg clutches were reduced by two eggs, but not when 5-egg clutches
were reduced in the same way. A logistic regression model revealed that only initial clutch size affected nest desertion of
parasitized nests in our experiments. Therefore, we conclude that post-ejection nest-desertion is not a second antiparasite
mechanism, which might serve as a redundant antiparasite defense, but a reaction to typically small and further decreased
clutch size. 相似文献
735.
Simen Vergote Francesca Maria Russo David Basurto Jan Deprest Neeltje Crombag 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(8):1018-1027
Objective
To explore the views and practices of maternal-fetal medicine specialists on offering fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) for left- and right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (LCDH, RCDH) in the post Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trial era.Method
Cross-sectional knowledge, attitude and practice survey was conducted among 105 attendees of the 19th World Congress of Fetal Medicine.Results
On average, respondents were knowledgeable about CDH, involved in research, and provided antenatal treatment options. Four out of five (82%) agreed that neonatal survival in LCDH can be reliably predicted in the prenatal period. Few respondents considered the exact risks and benefits of FETO for severe LCDH as being unclear (16%), yet half were uncertain about this for moderate LCDH (57%) and severe RCDH (45%). Most respondents offer FETO for severe LCDH (97%) and RCDH (79%), but only 59% offer it for moderate LCDH. However, half of respondents (58%) stated that not offering FETO for moderate LCDH would be a psychological burden for parents.Conclusion
Respondents consider the risk-benefit ratio of FETO for severe LCDH clear and consistently offer FETO, but not for moderate LDCH and severe RCDH. However, not offering the option of FETO to parents was considered a psychological burden. 相似文献736.
Can Muhlis Ben Jebli Mehdi Brusselaers Jan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(29):44091-44102
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Environmental degradation is one of the main drivers of climate change. One of the most broadly accepted tools to minimize environmental degradation... 相似文献
737.
Roethlin Remo Luis Gilli Adrian Wehrli Bernhard Gilli Robin Sue Wiederhold Jan Georg Dubois Nathalie 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(57):85789-85801
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Historical industrial activities at the Horn Richterwil, on the shore of Lake Zurich (Switzerland), caused widespread metal contamination on land and... 相似文献
738.
Hendrik Jan T. Hoving Marek R. Lipinski John J. Videler Kat S. R. Bolstad 《Marine Biology》2010,157(2):393-400
Spermatangium implantation is reported in the large oceanic squid Taningia danae, based on ten mated females from the stomachs of sperm whales. Implanted spermatangia were located in the mantle, head and
neck (on both sides) or above the nuchal cartilage, under the neck collar and were often associated with incisions. These
cuts ranged from 30 to 65 mm in length and were probably made by males, using the beak or arm hooks. This is the first time
wounds facilitating spermatangium storage have been observed in the internal muscle layers (rather than external, as observed
in some other species of squid). The implications of these observations for the mating behavior of the rarely encountered
squid T. danae are discussed. 相似文献
739.
Frans J. Los Cardi van den Berg Hajo I. J. Wildschut Helen Brandenburg Nicolette S. den Hollander Ernst M. Schoonderwaldt Leen Pijpers Robert Jan H. Galjaard Diane Van Opstal 《黑龙江环境通报》2001,21(13):1150-1158
First-trimester chorionic villus sampling has not reached the popularity of second-trimester amniocentesis in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis, in contrast to initial expectations. We investigated whether a difference inthe diagnostic performances of cytogenetic investigation in amniotic fluid (AF) cells and chorionic villi in favour of AF-cells might justify this. Diagnostic performance was measured as laboratory failure rate, karyotype quality (G-band score, rate of follow-up samples, rate of wrong diagnoses), and karyotype representativity (rate of follow-up samples, rate of wrong diagnoses). From 1993–1999, 11 883 AF-samples were investigated (AF-cells). In chorionic villi, short term culture preparations solely were karyotyped from 1993–1996 (n=3499) (STC-villi), short and long-term culture preparations simultaneously provided a sufficient amount of tissue being available from 1997 onwards (n=1829) ((STC+LTC)-villi). Laboratory failure rates were the same after amniocentesis (0.40%) and chorionic villus sampling (0.50%). G-band scores (mean±SD) were equal in AF-cells (373±38.1) and LTC-villi (364±32.6) but significantly lower in STC-villi (311±34.6) (p=0.001). Follow-up sampling rates because of quality reasons were the same in AF-cells (0.14%), STC- villi (0.13%) and (STC+LTC)-villi (0.11%). Two wrong diagnoses turned up among AF-cells. Follow-up sampling rates because of representativity reasons differed significantly between AF-cells (0.10%), (STC+LTC)-villi (1.31%), and STC-villi (1.99%) (p<0.001). However, the ratios of the total numbers of follow-up samples and uncertain or abnormal cytogenetic results in STC, and (STC+LTC)-villi at cytogenetic risks ⩾3% (0.132 and 0.160, respectively) were equal to that in AF-cells at risks <3% (0.155). Two wrong diagnoses were made in STC-villi. Diagnostic performance improved in the rank order of STC-villi, (STC+LTC)-villi and AF-cells. At cytogenetic risks ⩾3%, (STC+LTC)-villi showed a diagnostic performance equal to that in AF-cells. This might justify a selective use of chorionic villus sampling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
740.