电气石强化生物接触氧化法处理石化废水

针对石化废水污染成分复杂,可生化性差的特点,研究了电气石对生物接触氧化法处理石化废水效能的影响对处理前后的石化废水进行了GC-MS分析,并对反应器内的载体进行了扫描电镜(SEM)观察在石化废水进水COD和NH₄⁺-N负荷率为0.64～0.72 kg/(m³·d)和0.058～0.072 kg/(m³·d)的条件下,负载电气石系统的启动速度提高,出水COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率分别增加8.7％和6.4％进水中共检出100种有机物污染物,主要包含芳香烃、酸、酯、酚、醇和烷烃类等化合物.负载电气石的1号反应器对石化废水中有机污染物的去除效果优于未负载电气石的2号反应器,在1号和2号反应器的出水中,有机污染物种类分别是14种和28种反应器内负载电气石的载体上有明显的菌胶团形成,细菌的生物量大电气石能够提高生物接触氧化法处理石化废水的效能     

天津永定新河沉积物中多卤联苯的污染水平和生物有效性

通过测定天津市永定新河沉积物和同步采集的溞体内多氯联苯（PCBs）和多溴联苯（PBBs）含量,初步评价此类持久性有机污染物的潜在生态风险.结果显示,经归一化处理后,在永定新河沉积物中主要检出的18种PCBs和14种PBBs总含量分别为492.4~3251.9ng·g-1和429.7~2950.0ng·g-1（以有机碳计）,而在溞体内PCBs和PBBs的总含量分别是301.8~1765.4ng·g-1和309.7~1987.8ng·g-1（以脂肪计）.计算得到的PCBs和PBBs沉积物生物富集系数（BSAF）分别在0.1~1.3和0.1~3.0之间,明显小于根据平衡分配模型的预测值和其他文献报道值.同时, BSAF数值与相应污染物的辛醇/水分配系数的对数(logKow)值之间无相关关系（p>0.08）,且在不同采样点间的变异系数相差较大（20%~90%）.研究结果还表明,与国内外已经发表数据相比,永定新河沉积物中PCBs和PBBs均处在较高污染水平,但是绝大部分目标污染物的BSAF数值偏低,沉积物结合态污染物的生物有效性相对较低,且在不同采样点间存在着较大差异.     

α-HCH在太湖地区环境中的长期迁移与残留的动态模拟

根据太湖地区1/4°×1/6°经纬度网格的地表特征及α-HCH施用量,建立了一个基于同精度网格系统, 包含迁移和传输2个模块的质量平衡模型. 迁移模块使用逸度方法描述α-HCH在每一个网格的多介质环境中的迁移过程,传输模块使用拉格朗日方法描述α-HCH在不同网格间的大气平流和水体径流. 模型模拟了α-HCH在研究区域开始施用至今(1952~2007年) α-HCH在5类4层土壤、气、水和底泥23个环境相中的积累、迁移和残留情况. 模拟值与实测α-HCH浓度对比验证表明两者吻合得很好. 环境温度是影响α-HCH在各环境介质中浓度的最重要因素. 模拟结果表明,在α-HCH使用时期,在土壤中的年积累趋势约为年使用量趋势的5.7%; 在停止使用后,其减少趋势为积累趋势的50%. 在α-HCH使用期间,太湖流域α-HCH的年使用量与其水-气界面沉积通量存在显著的相关性,而与土-气界面通量则无显著相关性. α-HCH停止使用后,太湖流域水-气界面通量表现为向大气的挥发,且自1985年其年挥发通量大于土-气挥发通量. 底泥是α-HCH水-气界面挥发的主要补给源. 2007年太湖流域内α-HCH大气浓度普遍高于流域外大气浓度. 整个模拟时段α-HCH的主要输出途径是流出太湖地区,且以大气平流为主;其次的减少途径是在环境介质中的降解,其中土壤降解量占绝大部分. 2007年环境中残留的α-HCH为总使用量的0.005%,以土壤残留量为主,其次是底泥.     

硝化过程中影响亚硝酸盐积累的因素

采用间歇式批试验法,改变pH值、DO浓度和温度,试验发现:当pH值分别为8.2、7.5、9.2、6.5和5.0,DO分别为1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L、4.5mg/L和温度为30℃、25℃、35℃和10℃时,氨氧化速率依次减小。进水氨氮浓度为50mg/L～250mg/L,保持pH值为8.0±0.2时,游离氨浓度为4.45mg/L～22.68mg/L左右,最大HNO2浓度远<0.2mg/L,游离氨和HNO2对好氧氨氧化菌的影响较小。结果表明,pH值、DO浓度和温度对好氧氨氧化菌的富集有显著影响。在富集过程中,控制pH值、DO浓度和温度是关键因素,游离氨和HNO2进行适当控制,以保证抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌而不抑制好氧氨氧化菌。     

制革工业污水中氨氮产污解析

文章介绍了制革工业污水中NH3-N在各工序的排放特征,并对其在各工序中的产污情况进行了分析,提出了减少污水中氨氮排放的措施。     

Determination of sorbent point zero charge: usefulness in sorption studies

Potentiometric mass titration (PMT) technique has been adapted to determine the pH _pzc of four vegetable wastes: grape stalks, cork, yohimbe bark and olive stones wastes used for Cu(II) removal. The pH at the point zero charge (pH _pzc), determined by PMT, are compared with that obtained by two classical techniques: mass titration (MT) and immersion technique (IT). PMT has been found to be an easy and appropriate technique to determine pH _pzc of the studied materials. From the results, the knowledge of sorbents pH _pzc provides information about the possible attraction and repulsion between sorbent and sorbate but in any case enables to ensure that electrostatic force is one of the mechanisms that takes place in metal sorption.     

非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS在三峡库区林农复合小流域模拟效果评定

应用连续农业非点源污染AnnAGNPS模型(Annualized AGricultural NonPoint Source Model)模拟三峡库区林农复合小流域的径流、泥沙和营养物输出,以2003年和2004年的小流域观测数据对模型分别进行校准和验证,并以统计参量决定系数(R2)、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(E)和相对误差(VE)对模拟结果进行评定.结果表明,径流量模型模拟结果误差在可接受范围之内,模型校准期模拟值VE值为5.0%(R2=0.93,p<0.05),验证期内模型VE值为6.7%(R2=0.90,p<0.05);与径流模拟比较,泥沙模拟结果精度较低,校准期内模型VE值为15.1%(R2=0.63,p<0.05),验证期内模型VE值为26.7%(R2=0.59,p<0.05);次降水较小,产生径流和泥沙较少时,模型模拟值则偏高,反之则偏低.氮输出模拟决定系数R2值0.68(p<0.05),略高于磷输出模拟决定系数(R2=0.65,p<0.05).模型对径流输出的模拟精度高于对泥沙和营养物的输出模拟.在三峡库区农林复合小流域应用AnnAGNPS模型模拟农业非点源污染输出满足流域管理要求.     

聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究

利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h).     

Rainfall trends in twentieth century over Kerala,India

Attempts were made to study temporal variation in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall over Kerala, India, during the period from 1871 to 2005. Longterm changes in rainfall determined by Man-Kendall rank statistics and linear trend. The analysis revealed significant decrease in southwest monsoon rainfall while increase in post-monsoon season over the State of Kerala which is popularly known as the “Gateway of summer monsoon”. Rainfall during winter and summer seasons showed insignificant increasing trend. Rainfall during June and July showed significant decreasing trend while increasing trend in January, February and April. Hydel power generation and water availability during summer months are the concern in the State due to rainfall decline in June and July, which are the rainiest months. At the same time, majority of plantation crops are likely to benefit due to increase in rainfall during the post-monsoon season if they are stable and prolonged.     

Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India: One-year record of temporal variability

One-year quantitative chemical data set consisting of water-soluble constituents (NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃^?, SO₄^2? and HCO₃^?), crustal and trace elements (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Pb) and carbonaceous species (OC, EC) in ambient aerosols, collected over an urban site located in a high-dust semi-arid region of western India, reveals excellent linear relationship (r² = 0.92; slope = 0.96 ± 0.05) between gravimetrically assessed TSP (total suspended particulates) and chemically analyzed aerosol mass. The TSP abundance ranging from 60 to 250 μg m^?3, over a period of 12 months (January–December), is dominated by mineral dust (～70%); whereas contribution from sea-salts, anthropogenic and carbonaceous species exhibits significant temporal variability depending upon the wind regimes. The mineral dust is enriched in Ca, Mg and Fe with respect to upper continental crust (UCC); whereas Zn and Pb exhibit a characteristic anthropogenic source and high enrichment factors. The carbonaceous species show significant seasonality; with dominance of OC (range: 4.6–28 μg m^?3; average: 12.8 μg m^?3; SD: 6.8) and minor contribution from EC (range: 0.3–4.4 μg m^?3; average: 2.4 μg m^?3; SD: 1.4). The observed concentrations are significantly lower than those reported for the metro cities in South Asia but the OC/EC ratios (range: 4.3–35; average: 8.3; SD: 5.7) are significantly higher than the characteristic ratio (～2–4) reported for the urban atmosphere. Such quantitative chemical characterization of aerosols is essential in assessing their role in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This study could also be useful in understanding the physical and optical aerosol properties documented from the same site and thus, in validating regional climate models.