原位技术控制湖泊沉积物中磷释放的研究

通过实验室模拟试验研究曝气供氧、沸石覆盖和硝酸钙等原位控制东洞庭湖沉积物磷释放技术效果,试验结果表明:好氧时,曝气供氧对上覆水磷浓度的控制效果较差,当溶解氧320%,水中磷浓度不随溶解氧含量的增加而增加,控制效果依次为:硝酸钙原位处理>沸石覆盖>曝气3未处理;厌氧时,控制效果依次为:硝酸钙原位处理>曝气>沸石覆盖>未处理;扰动条件下,控制水体中磷浓度效果依次为:投加硝酸钙原位处理>沸石覆盖>曝气>未处理,但硝酸钙处理在不同水力作用下保持上覆水磷浓度稳定性不如沸石覆盖;沸石覆盖和硝酸钙原位处理都增大了水体耗氧量,其中以硝酸钙处理最为显著,可使水体复氧功能减弱.     

上海市微小颗粒物污染现状调查与分析

对上海市PM2.5的污染现状进行了调查与分析，在2000～2001年间对上海市7个采样点的PM2.5进行了样品采集，初步得到了上海市PM2.5浓度的时间变化规律。全市7个监测点的PM2.5年平均浓度值为60．1μg／m^3，其中市区6个监测点PM2.5的年平均浓度位为65．2μg／m^3，清洁对照点南汇监测点PM2.5的年平均浓度值为41．3μg／m^3；市区冬季的PM2.5月平均浓度值最高，达到80．2μg／m^3,夏季的PM2．5月平均浓度值最低，为35．9μg／m^3，春季和秋季的月平均浓度值分别为72．6μg／m^3，70．4μg／m^3。上海的年平均PM2.5浓度值与美国的标准值(15μg／m^3)相比，超标情况是相当严重的。     

Analysis of the metabolic utilization of carbon sources and potential functional diversity of the bacterial community in lab-scale horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands

Microorganisms are an integral part of the biogeochemical processes in wetlands. To improve the performance of constructed wetlands, it is very important to know the metabolic properties and functional diversity of the microbial communities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the metabolic properties and functional diversity of the microbial community in a horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland (CW) in a laboratory study through the sole-carbon-source utilization profiles using Biolog-ECO microplates. The technique has advantages over traditional cell culture techniques, such as molecular-level techniques-RNA amplification, which are time-consuming, expensive, and only applicable to the small number of species that may be cultured. This CW was designed to treat rural eutrophic water in China, using the plant L. This study showed that the metabolic activities of upper front substrate microorganisms (UF) were greater than those of the lower back substrate microorganisms (LB) in the CW. Integrated areas under average well color development (AWCD) curves of substrate microorganisms in the UF were 131.9, 4.8, and 99.3% higher than in the lower front part (LF), the upper back part (UB), and the LB part of the CW, respectively. Principal components analysis showed significant differences in both community structure and metabolic utilization of carbon sources between substrate microorganisms from different sampling sites. Carbon source utilization of polymers, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids was higher in UF than in LF, but that of amines and phenolic compounds was very similar in UF and LF. The richness, evenness, and diversity of upper substrate microbial communities were significantly higher than those of lower substrate. The LF substrate microbial communities had lower evenness than the other sampling plots, and the lowest richness of substrate microbial community was found in the LB part of the CW.     

Nonpoint source pollution, environmental quality, and ecosystem health in China: introduction to the special section

The rapid economic and industrial growth of China, exemplified by a 10-fold increase in its gross domestic product in the past 15 years, has lifted millions of its citizens out of poverty but has simultaneously led to severe environmental problems. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 2.4 million deaths in China per year could be attributed to degraded environmental quality. Much of China's soil, air, and water are polluted by xenobiotic contaminants, such as heavy metals and organic compounds. In addition, soil quality is degraded by erosion, desertification, and nutrient runoff. Air quality is further compromised by particulates, especially in heavily populated areas. Research shows that 80% of urban rivers in China are significantly polluted, and poor water quality is a key contributor to poverty in rural China. Economic and industrial growth has also greatly expanded the demand for water sources of appropriate quality; however, pollution has markedly diminished usable water resource quantity. Desertification and diminishing water resources threaten future food security. In recent years, China's government has increased efforts to reverse these trends and to improve ecosystem health. The Web of Science database showed that the percentage of articles on China devoting to environmental sciences increased dramatically in recent years. In addition, the top 25 institutes publishing the papers in environmental sciences were all in China. This special issue includes seven articles focusing on nonpoint source pollution, environmental quality, and ecosystem health in China. The major issues, and results of these studies, are discussed in this introduction.     

江西省山地风场风能资源储量及特征分析

论文利用数值模拟GIS空间分析法以及实测与野外勘察调研两种方法规划了江西省山地风能资源的具体分布并定量估算了其储量,此外,还利用山地2座测风塔资料,详细地分析了山地风能资源特性,结果表明:江西省高山地区风能资源呈沿山脉走向的线状分布或孤立山峰的点状分布,技术可开发量约为111×10⁴ kW,技术可开发面积约为136 km²,装机容量约为148×10⁴ kW。山地低层风速和风功率密度较大,随高度的增加略有增大,风切变指数很小,分别为0.017、0.098。山地风场风速和风功率密度日变化明显呈U型分布,正午前后风速最小,凌晨至清晨风速较大,最大风速与最小风速相差1~2 m/s;山地风场有两个接近相反的主导风向,集中在NW-N以及SSW-SSE扇区,对于风机机组布局较为有利。     

厦门海域水体悬浮物遥感反演算法研究

通过现场实测厦门海域水体遥感反射率及水体悬浮物浓度,分析了该海域水体的遥感反射光谱特征,选取了特征波段及组合建立了该海域水体悬浮物浓度反演模型。本文经过对比分析水体中呈悬浮态的总颗粒物质量浓度的不同反演方法,最后得出悬浮颗粒物在近红外波段的反射曲线的反射率高值和低值围成的区域面积可较好的反演研究区域的悬浮颗粒物浓度,其统计回归模型的决定系数是0.66,该反演算法的RMSE是10.25mg/L,相对误差是7.79mg/L。     

对羟基苯甲酸对铜绿微囊藻的化感效应以及对鲤鱼的毒性作用

为了寻找治理水华的有效方法,研究了对羟基苯甲酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响以及对鲤鱼的毒性作用.结果表明,一定浓度的对羟基苯甲酸能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.其半抑制浓度(EC50)为0.42 mmol·L-1;抑藻机制之一可能是对羟基苯甲酸能促进细胞氧自由基(O-2)的产生.从而导致藻细胞膜结构的损伤.实验中抑藻作用最佳浓度的对羟基苯甲酸(0.8 mmol·L-1)作用于鲤鱼后,对鲤鱼血清中的天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性没有明显影响,对肝脏、鳃和肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及膜脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的含量也没有明显影响.提示对羟基苯甲酸在该浓度下对鲤鱼无毒性作用.因此,对羟基苯甲酸可望被开发出一种高效低毒的生物杀藻剂.     

杞麓湖南岸蔬菜种植区农业面源污染物流失特征

对杞麓湖南岸区域的农业面源污染物流失进行了现场观测。区域农业面源污染物主要通过灌溉后的农田废水和降雨径流2种途径流失。农田废水经循环利用后氮磷素的浓度较杞麓湖湖水明显升高,TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N、TP、PO43-P和CODcr的均值分别为11．48mg／L、2．39mg／L、8．27mg／L、0．504mg／L、0．149mg／L、62．3mg／L。农田径流的TN平均值范围为20．18±2．45—65．77±14．32mg／L,TP平均值范围为0．5±0．14-1．28±0．5mg／L,COD平均值范围为50±22～110±81mg／L,农田径流呈现出“高氮中磷低有机质”的特征。     

填埋场释放气体运移数值模型及应用

以多也介质流体动力学理论为基础，在考虑填埋场内气体压力变化较小、相应气体密度变化小的情况下建立了填埋场释放气体运移数值模型。该模型具有适用范围广的特点，如边界形状任意、介质性质空间变化。模型中考虑了填埋场中介质含水量变化对气体运移的影响，利用本数值模型对无控制系统和有控制系统时释放气体运移进行了对比模拟分析，给出了有水平气体控制系统时的优化排气量并得出相庆的释放气体收集率，可为填埋场释放气体控制系     

气液混合放电对水中阿特拉津的降解

采用气液混合放电降解水溶液中的阿特拉津,考察了放电输出功率、溶液pH值和Fe2 浓度对阿特拉津降解的影响,并初步探讨了其降解动力学.结果表明,提高放电输出功率、降低溶液pH值均能提高阿特拉津的降解率.相同实验条件下,添加Fe2 显著提高了阿特拉津的降解率,在Fe2 添加量分别为0.2,0.6,2.0 mmol·1-1时,随着Fe2 浓度的升高阿特拉津的降解率也不断提高.阿特拉津在气液混合放电反应器中的降解符合一级反应动力学.阿特拉津降解过程中的中间产物主要通过以下4种途径产生:脱烷基作用、烷基氧化作用、脱氯羟化作用和脱氯羟化-氧化作用.