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421.
气提式循环反应器处理污水试验研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
主要探讨了气提式循环反应器处理污水的几个有关问题 :载体选择 ,提升区的截面大小选择 ,载体生物膜和游离活性污泥的特点。试验结果表明 :载体材料中 ,焦炭稍优于炉渣 ,塑料效果最差 ;提升区应该存在最优截面尺寸 ,使载体的提升循环量最高 ;载体生物膜的存在 ,增加了生物量 ,提高了处理效率 ,而且是促进硝化作用的主要因素 相似文献
422.
Beth E. Waller Casey W. Hoy Janet L. Henderson Ben Stinner Celeste Welty 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》1998,70(2-3)
Through interviews and mail surveys, Ohio potato (Solanum tuberosum) growers were surveyed concerning their willingness to adopt three cultural controls being developed for management of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), which had become increasingly difficult to control. The principal objective of the research was to obtain a deeper understanding of how farmers make decisions to adopt or not adopt new techniques and how these decisions are related to farmers' educational backgrounds and the way they currently manage their farms. The three cultural management options emphasized ecological approaches to habitat management rather than ecologically disruptive chemical control: (1) using host plants in overwintering sites to slow the spring movement of the beetles to potato fields, (2) using larger potato plants at field borders than in the center of the field as a spring trap crop, and (3) concentrating beetles in relatively small undefoliated areas to be killed with heat in late summer. Most respondents would not adopt these alternative pest management strategies, mainly because they perceived an unsatisfactory trade-off between logistic difficulties and expenses and population suppression they would achieve compared with traditional chemical control measures. Education correlated positively and experience in farming negatively with the willingness to try new pest management techniques. Additionally, growers responding more negatively to questions regarding integrated pest management strategies were more willing to experiment with the alternative techniques, a result attributed to either the survey design or an indication of experience with the more intensive management effort required for integrated pest management. This profile of potential innovators should be used by researchers to establish partnerships with farmers that could assist with both the research and development of new farming techniques and the adoption of successful systems by other farmers. 相似文献
423.
The brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico is faced with dual stresses of environmental hypoxia, which occurs as a result of oxygen depletion from microbial decomposition of organic materials from algal blooms, and pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from petroleum and gas production on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This study investigated the effect of naphthalene, a PAH, on oxyregulating capacity of P. aztecus, when shrimps were subjected to progressive hypoxia. It was found that P. aztecus is an oxyregulator with a critical oxygen concentration of 2.53 mg/l at 19–21°C, below which the animal becomes an oxyconformer. Acute exposure to naphthalene at 2.0 mg/l significantly reduced the oxyregulating capacity by 112%. This is the first report on the alteration of an aquatic animal’s oxyregulating capacity by a PAH. Possible mechanism for the impaired oxyregulation in the presence of naphthalene was discussed. 相似文献
424.
425.
鄱阳湖自然资源及其特征 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
本文简述了鄱阳湖土地、水、气候和生物资源现状,分析了它们的特征。鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖泊,但洪、枯水期湖水面积变化很大,枯水期由众多的子湖泊组成。它是一个过水性湖泊,年均迳流量高达1457×108m3,然而年际和月际变化很大,对长江水量调蓄作用不大,也不适时。总体水质良好,但已受到污染。鄱阳湖是本地区的日照时数、水体蒸发量和风能高值区,是气温调节器。鄱阳湖生物资源丰富,形成了完整的水域生态系统和水陆交替的湖滩草洲生态系统。 相似文献
426.
Nogales R Cifuentes C Benítez E 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2005,40(4):659-673
In Mediterranean countries, millions of tons of wastes from viticulture and winery industries are produced every year. This study describes the ability of the earthworm Eisenia andrei to compost different winery wastes (spent grape marc, vinasse biosolids, lees cakes, and vine shoots) into valuable agricultural products. The evolution of earthworm biomass and enzyme activities was tracked for 16 weeks of vermicomposting, on a laboratory scale. Increases in earthworm biomass for all winery wastes proved lower than in manure. Changes in hydrolytic enzymes and overall microbial activities during the vermicomposting process indicated the biodegradation of the winery wastes. Vermicomposting improved the agronomic value of the winery wastes by reducing the C:N ratio, conductivity and phytotoxicity, while increasing the humic materials, nutrient contents, and pH in all cases. Thus, winery wastes show potential as raw substrates in vermicomposting, although further research is needed to evaluate the feasibility of such wastes in large-scale vermicomposting systems. 相似文献
427.
Do laboratory salinity tolerances of freshwater animals correspond with their field salinity? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kefford BJ Papas PJ Metzeling L Nugegoda D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,129(3):355-362
The degree to which laboratory derived measures of salinity tolerance reflect the field distributions of freshwater biota is uncertain. In this paper we compare laboratory-derived acute salinity tolerance (LC(50) values) of freshwater macroinvertebrates (range 5.5-76 mS/cm) and fish (range 2.7-82 mS/cm) from southeastern Australia with the salinity from which they have been collected in the field. Only 4% of the macroinvertebrates were collected at salinity levels substantially higher than their 72-h LC(50) obtained from directly transferring animals from low salinity water to the water they were tested (direct transfer LC(50)). This LC(50) value was correlated with the maximum salinity at which a species had been collected. For common macroinvertebrates, the maximum field salinity was approximated by the direct transfer 72-h LC(50). For adult freshwater fish, 21% of species were collected at salinities substantially greater than their acute direct transfer LC(50) and there was a weak relationship between these two variables. Although there was a weak correlation between the direct transfer LC(50) of early life stages of freshwater fish and the maximum field salinity, 58% of the field distribution were in higher than their LC(50) values. In contrast, LC(50) determined from experiments that acclimated adult fish to higher salinity (slow acclimation) provided a better indication of the field distribution: with only one fish species (7%) being in conflict with their maximum field salinity and a strong positive relationship between these variables. This study shows that laboratory measures of acute salinity tolerance can reflect the maximum salinity that macroinvertebrate and fish species inhabit and are consistent with some anecdotal observations from other studies. 相似文献
428.
Myxococcus xanthus is a soil bacterium of the myxobacteria group and is abundant in almost all soils. Its role in soil ecology is considered significant. One noteworthy characteristic of the bacterium is that it produces large quantities of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It is also known that its biomass has the capacity to fix heavy metals. Here it is reported that M. xanthus was able to accumulate 0.6 mmol of La per g of wet biomass and/or 0.99 mmol per g of dry biomass. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observation of M. xanthus cells treated with La showed that a substantial amount of this cation was fixed in the EPS and in the cell wall. Smaller amounts were also observed in the cytoplasm. Fixed La appeared as phosphate in all cellular locations. The results given here also show that the use of La enables TEM observation of the M. xanthus EPS as a dense fibrillar net surrounding the cells. This technique is relatively easy and prevents EPS collapse, which occurs frequently during the fixation and dehydration procedures commonly used in preparations for TEM observations. Since antibodies are no longer required, the La stain can be carried out without delaying bacterial cell cultivation or isolation. In addition, the presence of La in cell cytoplasm without cell degeneration suggests that this microorganism could be used as a model in the study of bacteria-lanthanide interactions. 相似文献
429.
Nabil Ben Omar Magdalena Martínez-Caamero Ma Teresa Gonzlez-Muoz Jos Maria Arias Francisco Huertas 《Chemosphere》1995,30(12):2387-2396
We studied the possibility of struvite formation using killed cells of Myxococcus xanthus. Cells were killed by heat, UV light and sonication. In all cases, we show that struvite crystallization occurs and we propose that the dead cells or cell debris can act by themselves as heterogeneous crystallization nuclei. We also show that the slime, produced by Myxococcus in a large quantities, is not involved in this process. 相似文献
430.
Bayless DJ Shi L Kremer G Stuart BJ Reynolds J Caine J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(6):784-791
Emissions of fine particulate matter, PM2.5, in both primary and secondary form, are difficult to capture in typical dry electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Wet (or water-based) ESPs are well suited for collection of acid aerosols and fine particulates because of greater corona power and virtually no re-entrainment. However, field disruptions because of spraying (misting) of water, formation of dry spots (channeling), and collector surface corrosion limit the applicability of current wet ESPs in the control of secondary PM2.5. Researchers at Ohio University have patented novel membrane collection surfaces to address these problems. Water-based cleaning in membrane collectors made of corrosion-resistant fibers is facilitated by capillary action between the fibers, maintaining an even distribution of water. This paper presents collection efficiency results of lab-scale and pilot-scale testing at FirstEnergy's Bruce Mansfield Plant for the membrane-based wet ESP. The data indicate that a membrane wet ESP was more effective at collecting fine particulates, acid aerosols, and oxidized mercury than the metal-plate wet ESP, even with approximately 15% less collecting area. 相似文献