Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use and land-use change in Southeast Asian peatlands

Tropical peat swamp forests, which are predominantly located in Southeast Asia (SEA) and play a prominent role as a global carbon store, are being intensively degraded and converted to agricultural lands and tree plantations. For national inventories, updated estimates of peat emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from land use (LU) and land-use change in the tropics are required. In this context, we reviewed the scientific literature and calculated emission factors of peat net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in seven representative LU categories for SEA i.e. intact peat swamp forest, degraded forest (logged, drained and affected by fire), mixed croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, Acacia crassicarpa and sago palm plantations. Peat net CO₂ uptake from or emissions to the atmosphere were assessed using a mass balance approach. The balance included main peat C inputs through litterfall and root mortality and outputs via organic matter mineralization and dissolved organic carbon. Peat net CO₂ loss rate from degraded forest, croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, A. crassicarpa and sago palm plantations amounted to 19.4?±?9.4, 41.0?±?6.7, 25.6?±?11.5, 29.9?±?10.6, 71.8?±?12.7 and 5.2?±?5.1 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 y^?1, respectively. Total peat GHG losses amounted to 20.9?±?9.4, 43.8?±?6.8, 36.1?±?12.9, 30.4?±?10.6, 72?±?12.8 and 8.6?±?5.3 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1 y^?1 in the same LU categories, respectively. A single land-clearing fire would result in additional emissions of 493.6?±?156.0 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1.     

南京霾天气及PM_(2.5)化学污染特征分析

为了研究大气细粒子PM2.5在霾天气下的化学污染特性,2012年4月1日-27日在南京信息工程大学1号新实验楼楼顶,在霾天对大气细粒子PM2.5进行了采样,利用离子色谱法、TOC法等测得PM2.5的质量浓度、水溶性离子及水溶性有机碳组分浓度。结果表明:霾越重PM2.5质量浓度越高,霾天的PM2.5与地面温度、风速呈一定的负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-以及水溶性总有机碳是PM2.5的主要组成部分,其质量浓度随霾的加重而增加,其中NH4+、SO42-、NO3-及TOC质量浓度的增加幅度更明显,表明气态污染物的二次转化对采样点灰霾污染也有突出贡献。     

基于全基因组预测莱茵衣藻的新miRNA及其靶基因

莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)是一种重要的模式生物,其miRNA的发现相对较晚.为系统化地预测分析莱茵衣藻的miRNA,采用比较基因组和同源比对相结合的方法,根据mi Rbase中已知的莱茵衣藻miRNA序列以及前体的特点,并且基于莱茵衣藻的全基因组对其miRNA的前体序列和成熟miRNA进行系统的分析和筛选,使用unigene和JGI的莱茵衣藻相关序列数据库对预测结果进行靶基因预测和功能的分析.最终发现可能存在的miRNA 36条,其前体结构符合miRNA前体的基本特征且具有高度的同源性,两个数据库所得相匹配靶基因分别为64和32条,其中部分是与莱茵衣藻各项生命活动相关的基因.本研究表明莱茵衣藻的基因组中具有可能存在的新miRNA家族,并且部分有高度匹配的靶基因,为其后续研究提供了可靠的理论支持.     

Validating the effects of the environmental regulation compliance scale: evidence from the Nigerian oil and gas industry

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Growing environmental deterioration has caused many countries to tighten their environmental regulations across the globe. Recent studies show that...     

Synthesis and characterization of FSB@Fe3O4 composites and application in removal of indigo carmine dye from industrial wastewaters

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The syntheses and characterization of fish scale biochar magnetic composites (FSB@Fe3O4) and their applications in the removal of indigo carmine dye...     

环境因素对桥梁建造工程进度管理的影响研究

传统的桥梁建造工程进度管理过程会因为环境因素造成一定的影响,并且会给桥梁建造工程进度管理的影响方向是不定的,针对上述问题,提出一种环境因素对桥梁建造工程进度管理的影响的建模方案.在环境因素建模分析的基础上,引进了EECR技术,能够准确的评估环境因素对桥梁建造工程管理过程的影响程度,避免了传统的桥梁建造工程进度管理方法中无法进行外界因素的衡量,这样保证了建模过程的严谨性以及完善程度.优化了衡定进程保证了建模过程中能够进行大范围的衡量,经过优化后的衡定进程能够进行多角度的多方向的评估.为了验证设计的环境因素对桥梁建造工程进度管理的影响建模方案的有效性,设计了对比仿真试验,通过实验数据的有效验证,证明了设计的环境因素对桥梁建造工程进度管理的影响建模方案的有效性.     

Elevated pCO2 causes developmental delay in early larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ equilibrates with surface seawater, elevating the concentration of aqueous hydrogen ions. This process, ocean acidification, is a future and contemporary concern for aquatic organisms, causing failures in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture. This experiment determines the effect of elevated pCO₂ on the early development of C. gigas larvae from a wild Pacific Northwest population. Adults were collected from Friday Harbor, Washington, USA (48°31.7′N, 12°1.1′W) and spawned in July 2011. Larvae were exposed to Ambient (400 μatm CO₂), MidCO₂ (700 μatm), or HighCO₂ (1,000 μatm). After 24 h, a greater proportion of larvae in the HighCO₂ treatment were calcified as compared to Ambient. This unexpected observation is attributed to increased metabolic rate coupled with sufficient energy resources. Oyster larvae raised at HighCO₂ showed evidence of a developmental delay by 3 days post-fertilization, which resulted in smaller larvae that were less calcified.     

The Role of Pressure Drop and Flow Redistribution on Modeling Mercury Control Using Sorbent Injection in Baghouse Filters

Abstract

A mathematical model based on simple cake filtration theory was coupled to a reviously developed two-stage mathematical model for mercury (Hg) removal using powdered activated carbon injection upstream of a bag-house filter. Values of the average permeability of the filter cake and the filter resistance extracted from the model were 4.4× 10^?13 m² and 2.5 ×10^?4 m^?1, respectively. The flow is redistributed during partial cleaning of the filter, with flows higher across the newly cleaned filter section. The calculated average Hg removal efficiency from the baghouse is lower because of the high mass flux of Hg exiting the filter in the newly cleaned section. The model shows that calculated average Hg removal is affected by permeability, filter resistance, fraction of the baghouse cleaned, and cleaning interval.     

Reproductive suppression and inbreeding avoidance in wild populations of co-operatively breeding meerkats (Suricata suricatta)

Meerkats live in co-operatively breeding familial groups in which reproduction is monopolised by a dominant pair of breeders. Offspring of the breeders are behaviourally subordinate, and typically remain in their natal group as sexually mature, non-breeding helpers. In this study, we investigated the proximate factors limiting subordinate reproduction. Evidence for reproductive suppression by dominants was investigated by comparing life history, behaviour and hormonal profiles of dominants and subordinates. Baseline levels of plasma luteinising hormone (LH) were significantly higher in dominant than in subordinate females. However, following an exogenous injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), both categories had comparable concentrations of circulating LH. There were no significant differences in pre- or post-GnRH challenge LH levels in dominant or subordinate males. Reproduction in both dominant and subordinate females rarely occurred in the absence of unrelated males. Given that groups typically comprise parents and offspring, lack of suitable mates emerged as the primary constraint on subordinate reproduction. When this constraint was removed, subordinates typically bred but at a lower rate than dominants. This difference in reproduction may be attributed to intrasexual competition manifested through direct interference by dominant females through subordinate evictions, infanticide and the abandoning of subordinate litters. We argue that differences in reproductive regulation within mammalian co-operative breeding systems may be explained by differences in the mating strategy (inbreeding versus outbreeding) and the probability that subordinates in obligate outbreeding species will encounter unrelated opposite-sex partners. Received: 19 April 2000 / Accepted: 17 July 2000