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84.
Herons (Ardeidae) frequently breed in inland forests and provide organic material in the form of carcasses of prey (that they drop) and chicks (that die) to the forest floor. Such allochthonous inputs of organic materials are known to increase arthropod populations in forests. However, the exact species that show numerical responses to allochthonous inputs in heron breeding colonies remains unclear. Very few studies have clarified which factors determine numerical responses in individual species. We used pitfall and baited traps to compare the densities of arthropods between forest patches in heron breeding colonies (five sites) and areas outside of colonies (five sites) in central Japan. The density of all arthropods was not significantly different between colonies and non-colony areas. However, significant differences between colonies and non-colony areas were found in four arthropod groups. Earwigs (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae), hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae), and carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) were more abundant in colonies, while ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were less abundant in colonies. We detected numerical responses to heron breeding in two earwig, one histerid, five silphid, and one ant species. Chick and prey carcasses from herons may have directly led to increases in consumer populations such as earwigs, histerids, and silphids in colonies, while microenvironmental changes caused by heron breeding may have reduced ant abundance. In the Silphidae, five species showed numerical responses to allochthonous inputs, and the other two species did not. Numerical responses in individual species may have been determined by life history traits such as reproductive behaviour. 相似文献
85.
A new method to single out the environmental factor limiting the life of any macrobenthic animal under stressed condition is proposed. The method is based on the assumption that the influence of each environmental factor on the life of a species can be expressed by an S-shaped function having lethal, limiting and non-limiting ranges, and the combined effect of several environmental factors is expressed by a multiple of these functions. To single out a lethal factor, we used the cumulative curve of abundance arranged in the order of each environmental factor. Comparison of these curves enables us to identify the most effective environmental factor limiting the life of a particular species and determine its effective range. Determination can be made from a single field observation without recourse to specially prepared experimental data if a sufficiently extensive survey was made in a field observation. The method was applied to the field data obtained from 248 stations at Lake Shinji, Japan, in the summer of 1982. 相似文献
86.
This paper investigates the impacts of Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016) on rural Indo-Fijians and their response to the devastation. Studies have previously examined how rural communities in Pacific Island countries respond to severe climatic events, arguing that traditional knowledge of the climate, together with indigenous techniques, contribute substantially to recovery from a disaster. Strong communal bonds have also been identified as an influencing factor. Disaster risk reduction frameworks often assume the availability of such knowledge and capital. Yet, little research has been done on how minority groups with limited access to such knowledge and capital cope with disaster-related damage. The current study shows that rural Indo-Fijians responded to the consequences of Tropical Cyclone Winston differently to indigenous Fijians, owing to relatively limited access to traditional awareness of the climate, communal labour sharing, and intra- and/or inter-community networks. The findings point to the necessity to implement a more inclusive disaster risk reduction framework. 相似文献
87.
Spatiotemporal recruitment patterns of scleractinian corals were investigated around Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Archipelago,
Japan, in relation to adult coral cover in 2005 and 2006. Although almost all corals were broadcasting spawners, the relationship
between recruitment and adult coral cover differed among coral families (Acroporidae, Poritidae, and Pocilloporidae), likely
due to differences in embryonic development time. For spawning pocilloporid corals, whose larvae develop relatively more rapidly,
recruitment was higher at sites where adult coral cover was higher. In contrast, recruitment was not related to adult coral
cover in acroporid and poritid corals, whose embryonic development times were relatively slow. Moreover, recruitment of acroporid
corals varied between years, and recruitment was greater at leeward compared to windward reefs for a few days after spawning.
These results suggest that embryonic development time and wind-driven surface currents affect larval dispersal and subsequent
recruitment patterns at a local scale. Based on embryonic development time, some spawning corals are more likely to have higher
rates of self-seeding than others. Our results predict that among spawning corals, local populations of acroporid and poritid
corals, whose larvae potentially disperse over long distances and recruit in neighboring reefs, are more resilient to local
disturbances than those of pocilloporid corals, whose recruitment relies upon local stock. 相似文献
88.
The apparent aqueous solubility of the endocrine disruptor in hydroxypropyl‐cyclodextrin (HP‐CD) solutions was investigated for evaluating the remediation of soil contamination and ground water pollution. The apparent solubility of bisphenol A (BPA) in water was significantly increased in HP‐CD solutions. The solubilization effect of HP‐CD's is caused by the formation of inclusion complexes of BPA and cyclodextrin. The relative aqueous‐phase concentration of BPA linearly increased with increasing HP‐CD concentration. The solubility of BPA increased in the order of the addition of HP‐a‐CD, HP‐7‐CD, and HP‐ß‐CD. However, it did not depend upon the degree of hydroxypropylation substitution. It is concluded that HP‐CD may be utilized for the remediation of soil contamination. 相似文献
89.
Seagrass beds are often considered to be important nurseries for coral reef fish, yet the effectiveness of these nursery functions
(refuge and food availability) at different juvenile stages is poorly understood. To understand how the demands of juvenile
fish on seagrass nursery functions determines the timing of ontogenetic habitat shifts from seagrass beds to coral reefs,
we conducted visual transect survey and field tethering and caging experiments on three different sizes of the coral reef
fish Pacific yellowtail emperor (Lethrinus atkinsoni) during its juvenile tenure in seagrass beds at Ishigaki Island, southern Japan. The study showed that although the number
of individual L. atkinsoni juveniles decreased by >90 % during their stay in the seagrass nursery, the shelter and/or food availability functions of
the nursery, at least for a juvenile size of approximately 5 cm total length (TL), provided the best survival and growth option.
The timing of ontogenetic migration to coral reefs of larger fish (>8 cm TL) was attributed to foraging efficiency for larger
food items in different habitats. Overall, the function of the seagrass bed nursery changed with juvenile body size, with
marginally higher survival and significantly greater growth rates during early juvenile stages in seagrass beds compared to
coral reefs. This would contribute to the enhancement in the number of individuals eventually recruited to adult populations. 相似文献
90.
The circumstances of the lack of attention to the interdependence of family functions and external employment in the research to date are considered. Major problems and barriers to progress are noted. One problem is the conceptual-theoretical barrier of viewing work as masculine and family responsibility as feminine. A second problem is a differential focus in the research to date in which either the family is studied with inadequate attention given to work, or the work setting is studied with insufficient consideration of family responsibilities. Research strategies are reviewed and discussed, including the need to identify combinations of types of occupations and family situations. Five work-family groups are identified. One of the five groups, single parent is used to illustrate policies pertaining to the interdependence of work and family roles. The relevance of research on role interdependence for both governmental policy and organizational policy is considered in a discussion of the effects of policy on effective integration of work and family roles. 相似文献