无锡市饮用水嗅味突发事件致嗅原因及潜在问题分析

针对2007年5月底6月初发生的无锡市饮用水嗅味事件,在嗅味层次分析法(FPA)的基础上,利用感官气相色谱法对污染水团、取水口以及管网水中的致嗅物质种类进行了鉴定,并利用GC-MS对主要致嗅物质进行了定量分析,同时,对微囊藻毒素含量以及生物遗传毒性进行了测定.结果表明,此次嗅味事件的主要致嗅物质为以二甲基三硫为主的硫醚类有机体腐败产物,6月4日采集的污染水团中二甲基三硫含量高达11399 ng·L-1.同时,含有一定量的2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)等藻类分泌物,但这些物质的嗅味被二甲基三硫等硫醚类化合物导致的腥臭味所掩盖,不是主要的致嗅物质.另外,6月4日及6月8日采集的取水口样品分析结果表明,原水中微囊藻毒素含量远低于新颁布的生活饮用水卫生标准,而且,利用umu测试得到的水中遗传毒性水平很低.     

A/O工艺处理焦化废水的工程实践

采用以A/O法为主的工艺处理焦化废水,运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果良好,二沉池出水中主要污染物指标达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中的二级标准,经深度处理后出水中主要污染物指标达到GB8978-1996中的一级标准。     

小白菜对外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐动态吸收的差异及其机制研究

通过盆栽试验和室内分析,研究了小白菜对不同含量的外源硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐动态吸收的差异,并通过土壤有效硒及生物量的动态变化探究其产生的原因,旨在为富硒作物的生产和硒污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据.结果表明,硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐处理小白菜地上部分生物量间无显著差异.在小白菜的整个生长期间(8周),硒酸盐处理小白菜地上、地下部硒含量均随生长逐渐下降,而亚硒酸盐处理小白菜地上、地下部硒含量均随生长逐渐增大.硒酸盐处理地上部硒吸收量显著高于地下部,而亚硒酸盐处理地下部硒吸收量显著高于地上部;且在整个生长过程中硒酸盐处理小白菜硒吸收量是亚硒酸盐处理的2～60倍之多,导致硒酸盐处理土壤中有效硒含量随着小白菜的生长迅速下降,而亚硒酸盐处理土壤中有效硒含量随小白菜的生长略有下降.统计分析表明,硒酸盐处理小白菜体内硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈显著正相关,地上、地下硒含量与土壤有效硒的相关系数分别为0.901和0.864,而亚硒酸盐处理两者相关性不显著.综合小白菜硒含量和土壤有效硒随生长变化的结果可以得出,小白菜对硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐动态吸收的差异是小白菜对不同价态硒吸收能力和土壤供硒能力综合作用的结果.     

中国地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品综合验证及分析

讨论了2000年02月~2019年08月不同分辨率、算法中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品在不同季节、区域、下垫面条件下中国区域的精度和适用性,在像元尺度上对比了重采样降低分辨率后的多角度大气校正（MAIAC）AOD数据与其他产品的精度.研究表明：在同等验证条件下,相较于暗目标算法（DT）、深蓝算法（DB）和暗目标与深蓝结合算法（DTB）,1km MAIAC AOD产品在中国地区与AERONET站点AOD观测数据整体一致性最高,R²达到0.891,均方根误差（RMSE）仅为0.126,超过75%的验证样本落在期望误差线（EE）范围内;同时,该产品受季节、区域和下垫面变化影响也最小,其中秋季R²达到0.917,RMSE为0.111,样本落在EE内的比例达到80.11%.3km DT算法AOD产品在植被覆盖率较大的森林和农田区域优于1km MAIAC AOD产品,在植被覆盖率较小的草地和城市区域则差于1km MAIAC AOD产品,且该产品在不同季节均存在AOD高估问题,其中,夏季高估程度最高（平均相对误差（RMB）=1.622,AOD值高估62.2%）.DB在长三角和珠三角地区存在AOD被低估的现象.DTB算法兼顾了DT算法和DB算法的优缺点,DTB算法AOD产品的相关性一般高于DB算法AOD产品,样本被高估程度一般低于DT算法AOD产品.通过重采样方法降低1km MAIAC AOD产品分辨率后,相同尺度下的MAIAC AOD数据精度优于DT算法、DB算法和DTB算法AOD产品,因此,MAIAC算法更适用于小尺度城市群集中区域的大气环境监测.     

Positive remediation on sedimentary P by combination of capping with calcium hydroxide and oxidation with perhydrol

The capping is called passive remediation because the sedimentary P was released and then immobilized by the capping materials. However, the release depends on the environmental conditions. Therefore, a hypothesis was proposed that the oxidant was used to accelerate sedimentary P release and the capping material was used to capture those released P. It is positive remediation to reduce sedimentary P amount. The results show that soluble reactive phosphorus（SRP） concentration in the overlying wat...     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study,the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish(Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization(WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that m RNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The m RNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the m RNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

中原城市群典型城市秋冬季大气PM2.5污染特征及溯源

为了研究中原城市群区域城市秋冬季大气PM_2.5的污染特征和其主要成分的潜在来源,于2018年10月到2019年1月在郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡这4个典型城市展开秋冬季连续4个月PM_2.5膜样本采集,采用X射线荧光光谱法,碳分析法和离子色谱法分别对18种无机元素,有机碳（OC）/元素碳（EC）,和9种水溶性无机离子进行了测定.根据PM_2.5日均值浓度水平分为3个污染等级,并分别通过对氮氧化率（NOR）和二次有机碳（SOC）及富集因子的计算结果对PM_2.5主要成分NO₃^-和SOC及18种无机元素的时空变化进行了对比分析.通过化学质量平衡（CMB）模型计算了4个城市的排放源及贡献率,并通过后向轨迹（HYSPLIT）模型和潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）分析了4个城市PM_2.5和主要成分NO₃^-及OC的潜在污染来源.结果表明,采样期间郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡PM_2.5均值分别为（82.1±45.5）、（84.7±39.8）、（96.8±46.1）和（81.1±36.6）μg·m^-3,日均值的最高浓度值分别是国家二级标准的3.3、2.6、3.0和2.3倍;4个城市PM_2.5的主要组分都为NO₃^-和SOC,NO₃^-的浓度,NO₃^-/EC和NOR都随着污染等级的升高而显著升高,NO₃^-/EC和NOR的均值随着污染等级的升高总体上表现出郑州和洛阳略高于安阳和新乡;SOC的浓度和在OC中的占比及SOC/EC的比值都随着污染等级的升高而增大;从无机元素的浓度和富集程度来看,As在郑州最高,Mn和Fe在洛阳最高,Zn、Ni和Cr在安阳最高以及Cu和Pb在新乡最高;4个城市PM_2.5污染源为二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐、有机物、燃煤源、机动车源、扬尘源、生物质源和工艺过程源,二次硝酸盐的分担率在郑州（37.7%）最高,新乡（14.1%）机动车分担率最高,洛阳（7.0%）和安阳（6.8%）的工业过程源的分担率相对较高;郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡分别有51.6%、49.2%、49.6%和46.3%的气流来自西北方向;郑州潜在污染区域主要集中在河南省,洛阳主要在河南省南部和汾渭平原,安阳和新乡则是主要在河南省和京津冀传输带上,另外安徽西北部、山东西南部、山西东南部和陕西北部也对安阳和新乡OC的污染造成了影响.     

多层次生态修复实践模式及其理论探讨

生态修复是当前生态学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题,并且孕育着巨大的研究和应用前景,然而由于工程时空跨度大、修复对象复杂等特点,生态修复实践仍然存在着理论研究滞后、投入产出率相对低下、修复模式单一、项目达标情况难以监测等问题。在总结归纳实践经验的基础之上,根据生态修复的不同层次和阶段,将生态修复的实践模式由开始启动阶段到修复终点,自下而上串联成一个相互独立而又彼此联系的模式,即包含“点”、“线”、“面”和“多维立体”四种模式在内的多层次生态修复模式。该模式有以下两方面特点：①修复的对象在现有的物种、种群、生态系统结构和功能的基础之上,增加了人类这一生态系统的重要组分,同时把社会经济等因素放在与科学技术同等重要的位置进行考虑,将其作为指导理论之一融入到生态修复的具体实践步骤中;②与以往静态的单一修复目标不同,论文提出了一种层层递进、彼此联系而又环环相扣的动态、多层次修复模式,每一种模式都对应着生态修复的不同层次和阶段,层层递进共同构成生态修复的全部内容。此模式既充分考虑生态系统自身的复杂性,又符合生态系统动态发展趋势,可为当前生态修复实践中的难点、疑点提供更具现实意义的指导。