Analyzing sediment dissolved oxygen based on microprofile modeling

Sediment plays a key role in controlling the oxygen demand of aquatic systems. The reaction rate, penetration depth, and flux across the sediment–water interface (SWI) are important factors in sediment oxygen consumption. However, there were few methods to collect these data until recently. In this study, methods were developed to simulate the oxygen microprofile and calculate the sediment oxygen consumption rate, oxygen penetration depth, and oxygen flux across the SWI. We constructed a sediment oxygen measuring system using an oxygen microelectrode and a control device. The simulation equations were derived from both zero and first-order kinetic models, while the penetration depth and the oxygen flux were calculated from the simulation results. The method was tested on four prepared sediment samples. Decreases in dissolved oxygen in surface sediment were clearly detected by the microelectrode. The modeled data were a good fit for the observed data (R ²?>?0.95), and zero-order kinetics were more suitable than first-order kinetics. The values for penetration depth (1.3–3.9 mm) and oxygen fluxes (0.061–0.114 mg/cm²/day) calculated by our methods are comparable with those from other studies.     

Model microgravity enhances endothelium differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiation into multilineage cell types under certain induction conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that physical environments and mechanical force can influence MSC fate, indicating that these factors may be favorable inducers for clinical treatment. Our previous study found that MSCs are spread with a spindle shape when cultured in normal gravity (NG), and under modeled microgravity (MMG) for 72 h, they become unspread and round and their cytoskeleton fibers are reorganized. These morphological changes affected the function of MSCs through the activity of RhoA. We examined the responses of MSCs under MMG stimulation, followed with VEGF differentiation. We found that MSCs under MMG for 72 h were differentiated into endothelial-like cells by detecting the expression of endothelial-specific molecules (Flk-1 and vWF), which were also able to form a capillary network. Their endothelial differentiation potential was improved under MMG compared with that under NG. We believe that this method is a novel choice of MMG stimulation for neovascularization. This phenomenon may increase the potential of MSC differentiation, which might be a new strategy for the treatment of various vascular diseases and improve vascularization in tissue engineering.     

“十二五”国家环境监管能力建设思路与重点

环境监管能力是环境保护工作开展的重要支撑和保障,"十一五"以来环境监管能力建设取得显著成效。面对未来日趋严峻的环保形势,"十二五"期间国家环境监管能力建设需求尤为突出。本文从"十二五"环境监管能力建设的阶段特点和需求出发,明确以加强顶层设计、强化协调推进、强调集成效应原则的基本思路,研究提出环境监管各领域建设的重点。     

仪器分析技术在海洋微塑料研究中的应用

塑料在全球范围内广泛使用,粒级在5 mm以下的微塑料,其分布呈全球化趋势,近岸、大洋、深海和极地都有微塑料的存在,对海洋环境带来持久性污染。近海海洋环境中的微塑料主要分布在表层海水、海滩与岸滩以及近海沉积物中,其在洋流作用下长距离迁移,最终主要汇集在深海区域。目前海洋微塑料的检测以实验室分析为主,常规的操作流程一般依赖于手动操作,无法达到自动原位在线监测海洋微塑料的目标。本文全面综述了现国内外已采用的仪器分析技术在海洋微塑料采集、预处理与分析中的应用,系统梳理了各仪器分析方法的特点及应用条件,并提出了今后微塑料研究中亟待解决的关键性问题,以期为海洋微塑料长期自动化监测提供方向与理论支持。     

石墨强化微生物异化铁还原合成蓝铁石的磷回收研究

蓝铁石结晶法磷回收是近年来国内外磷回收领域研究的热点.如何获得高产率的结晶产物,对于蓝铁石结晶法磷回收技术的广泛应用至关重要.本研究将不同投加量、不同粒径的石墨加入到混菌铁磷复合体系中培养22 d,探讨石墨对微生物异化铁还原合成蓝铁石过程的影响,以期为碳材料强化蓝铁石结晶法磷回收提供科学依据.结果表明:当石墨投加量为1 g·L~(-1)、粒径为10μm时,Fe(Ⅱ)含量在第10 d和第14 d时分别比对照组高12%和10%,对蓝铁石合成的强化作用最为明显.因此,1 g·L~(-1)、10μm的石墨投加条件为本实验中石墨强化微生物异化铁还原合成蓝铁石的最佳磷回收条件.实验末期测定了对照组和最佳石墨组体系中微生物蛋白含量,发现二者之间并无明显差异,表明石墨对微生物量的影响不大.此外,分析微生物群落结构变化发现,与原始污水水样相比,对照组和石墨组的变形菌门比例明显增加,且石墨组的增幅更大,表明石墨更利于变形菌的富集.由此推测,石墨对微生物异化铁还原合成蓝铁石的促进可能源于体系中石墨对变形菌门细菌的强化富集作用.     

夏收时段农村大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度分布特征

为了从源区的角度研究华北平原夏收时段大气亚微米颗粒物粒径谱分布,采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,于2017年6月对华北平原典型农村点位亚微米颗粒物数浓度进行连续观测.结果表明,观测期间大气亚微米颗粒物粒径分布主要集中在小于300nm处,平均数浓度为28371cm^-3.不同模态颗粒物数浓度分布差异明显,核模态（< 20nm）呈线性分布,爱根核模态（20~100nm）呈多项分布,积聚模态（>100nm）呈对数分布.48h后向轨迹聚类结果表明,观测点位气团受其东部的江苏省、山东省和安徽省生物质燃烧传输影响时,颗粒物总数浓度增加66.7%.潜在源贡献因子法和浓度权重轨迹法,表明潜在源区为观测点位以东的区域,且以粒径小于100nm的颗粒物为主.     

Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解促进U(VI)-PO43-生物矿化

从广东某铀尾矿库水下沉积物中分离筛选出了一株能水解植酸盐的真菌M5-1,对其菌落形态、ITS序列、最适生长pH值、对铀的耐受性及其水解植酸盐的效果进行了分析,随后对M5-1生物矿化铀过程中pH值、正磷酸盐浓度、铀浓度、铀去除率的变化进行了监测,对矿化产物的主要元素和矿物组成进行了分析.证实了真菌M5-1为Aspergillus tubingensis（MH978623）,其最适生长pH值范围为6~7,对铀（~0.84mmol/L）具有较强的耐受性;Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解促进U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化62d后,铀的去除率达95.2%;Aspergillus tubingensis介导U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化过程中可能形成了难溶的氢铀云母和变钠铀云母矿物.结果表明,Aspergillus tubingensis能有效水解植酸盐释放可溶性正磷酸盐,从而促进U（VI）-PO₄^3-矿化.研究结果为采用Aspergillus tubingensis介导植酸盐水解原位修复铀污染地表水提供了试验依据.     

基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水处理率指标研究

我国通过污水处理率来评价生活污水处理水平,但污水处理率仅考虑了污水处理设施进水处理的水量,忽略了雨污合流、地下水混入、抽取河水处理等原因导致的污染物收集水平不足.以成都市岷江外江流域为研究区域,开展了城镇生活污水收集和评价指标优化研究,提出了基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水污染物处理率概念和核算方法体系,在划分控制单元基础上,核算生活污水污染物的产生量和处理量.研究发现,该流域污水处理厂进水浓度普遍偏低,进水水质存在季节性波动,说明可能存在丰水期雨水、河水或地下水混入稀释的情况,枯水期的进水数据更能反映区域生活污水排放情况;传统污水处理率计算显示该流域污水处理率高于100%,但全流域的COD_Cr、氨氮和总磷污染物处理率分别为37.50%、36.25%和30.14%,与该流域的水环境质量特征和污水管网建设水平相符;在污水管网未完善的地区,采用污染物处理率更能有效评价和反映区域污水收集和处理程度.     

1000MW燃煤电厂商业SCR脱硝催化剂的失活

以浙江某燃煤电厂1000MW商业SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,通过催化表征和活性评价综合分析该电厂1000MW商业SCR脱硝催化剂的失活原因.研究表明,催化剂的失活是多种因素共同作用的结果,（1） Fe,S,K和As元素中毒,其元素含量较新鲜催化剂分别增加了318.0%,233.3%,199.3%和99.8%;（2）催化剂表面孔道的飞灰堵塞,硫酸盐类沉积以及长时间高温反应造成催化剂的烧结和颗粒物的团聚,导致失活SCR脱硝催化剂比表面积较新鲜催化剂下降了20.3%;（3）活性组分V的价态变化造成V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺的比值由6.46下降至1.35,以及Lewis酸位点减少了34.2%,从而导致催化剂的失活.     

北方大型居住区景观水体富营养化特征研究

对天津某大型居住区内的一处景观水体进行了长期水质监测,结果表明:水体总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)含量分别为0.06~0.26 mg/L、0.69~2.6 mg/L;综合富营养化指数(TLI)为45~65,该景观水体属于中-富营养化水平;浮游植物群落主要由蓝藻、绿藻及硅藻组成。对位于下风向湖滨区水面漂浮絮体分析发现,该絮体主要成分为浮游植物,其活体成分以硅藻为主,藻密度达1.49×109个/L,显著富集氮(189.83 mg/L)、磷(27.4 mg/L)。若对该富集絮体进行定期打捞,可有效降低水体内源营养物质含量,有利于景观水体水质保持。