热强化SVE技术对烃类污染土壤修复的影响

针对烃类污染土壤的修复,本文采用热强化土壤气相抽提(soil vapor extraction,SVE)技术,分别研究了通气、土壤物性和温度等参数对污染土壤中挥发性有机物脱除效率的影响规律。结果表明:延长通气时间,出口浓度(LEL%)逐步降低,最后进入拖尾期,连续通气比间断通气更利于土壤中烃类污染物的去除,适当加大通气流速可提高去除效率。适当增大土壤粒径有利于有机物组分的迁移,且沸点低的碳氢(hydrogen and carbureted,HC)组分更易去除。床层加热方式较气体加热方式去除效率高。综合分析,通气速率和温度是影响去除效率的最主要因素,80 m L/min的通气流速、连续通气、80℃的床层温度为最优参数,吹脱时间为250 min时出口浓度(LEL%)达到6%。     

氨排放对华北典型地区冬季二次无机盐生成的影响

为研究氨排放对冬季PM_(2.5)中二次无机盐的影响,设置不同排放情景,应用CMAQ模式对华北地区典型城市——保定冬季无机盐进行了模拟研究。结果表明:将氨气在模式中排放置零的情景下,无机盐质量浓度降低了67.08%;氨排放削减与二次无机盐生成呈非线性关系,大气呈"氨限制"状态;氨排放削减能够有效抑制二次无机盐的生成,当削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降幅达29.89%,其中硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐降幅分别为53.78%、27.87%和5.64%;氨排放对重污染时段二次无机盐的生成贡献较高,当氨削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降低40.58%;在当前大气环境下,氨排放削减是保定市冬季控制二次无机盐污染的重要途径。     

诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为研究

先后采用盐酸羟胺和紫外光辐射,对绳状青霉(Penicillium funiculosum)进行诱变,并用红外光谱分析了诱变绳状青霉细胞表面官能团的变化,采用静态吸附试验研究了铀溶液的pH、温度、初始铀浓度、吸附时间、菌体投加量等因素对其吸附铀的影响.通过对动力学模型、等温吸附模型和热力学方程进行拟合,研究了诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为.采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和红外光谱仪分析了吸附前后诱变绳状青霉细胞表面的形貌、化学组成和官能团结构的变化,进而探讨了吸附过程可能涉及的反应机理.结果表明,诱变绳状青霉在pH=6时吸附铀的效果最好,8h即达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为200mg·g-1,对铀的吸附为细胞表面的缔合—OH、—CHO、不饱和键、—NH2、—PO43-等与铀的配位络合反应.     

Seize the Opportunity and Meet the Challenge to Push China's Sustainable Development Strategy to a New Stage

Abstract

ADMS-Urban is the most widely used advanced dispersion model for urban areas, being used extensively in China and worldwide, providing a practical tool for assessing and managing urban air quality. In this paper we briefly describe the ADMS dispersion models and give an overview of their use in China. And it describes in more detail the use of ADMS-Urban in Fushun in Liaoning province and in Jinan in Shangdong province respectively, for studies of urban air quality. Finally the conclusions are presented.     

Optimization of a novel process for the ozonolysis of 2, 4‐dichlorophenol

An innovative process was studied for the destruction of 2,4‐dichlorophenol in water. The immiscible fluorinated solvent, inert and highly ozone soluble, was used as the solvent in the extraction‐ozonation system. Taguchi methods were applied in the design of experiments to identify the significant factors and establish the optimal combination of process parameters. The result indicate that this statistical technique can provide an extremely effective structured approach.     

富氨地区秋冬季不同PM2.5污染级别气溶胶酸性及其影响因素

为研究富氨地区秋冬季不同PM_2.5污染级别气溶胶酸性及其影响因素, 于2018年10月15日~2019年2月28日, 选择郑州市2个非城区点位——新密和航空港进行PM_2.5膜样本采集, 采用离子色谱法测定其水溶性离子, 通过ISORROPIA-Ⅱ模型计算气溶胶pH值, 并分不同污染等级探讨PM_2.5主要离子浓度和pH值范围.结果显示: 采样期间NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-是3种最主要的离子, 随着污染程度的加剧, NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺呈现上升趋势, 其中NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的增长速度较大; NH₄⁺/SO₄^2-的比值大于0.75, 大气处于富氨条件, NH₄⁺主要存在形式是(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl; 所选两点位PM_2.5的pH值呈中等酸性, 新密4.6±0.6、航空港4.6±0.7, 随着污染的加剧, pH值的变化范围逐渐收窄; 敏感性分析表明影响秋冬PM_2.5的pH值变化的主要共同驱动因素是TNH₃(总氨(气体+气溶胶))、SO₄^2-和温度, 随着污染的加剧, 由TNH₃对气溶胶酸度的影响最大变为SO₄^2-对酸性的影响最大; 随着pH值增大, 总硝酸倾向于向颗粒态移动, 总氨倾向于向气态移动, 呈相反变化.     

西安冬季大气棕碳光学特征及辐射强迫

为探讨西安冬季不同大气污染状况（污染天和清洁天）大气细粒子（PM_2.5）及其一次棕碳（BrC_pri）和二次棕碳（BrC_sec）的光学特征及辐射效应,开展了高分辨率多波段光学参数观测,获得PM_2.5多波段光学吸收系数（b_abs）,通过进一步数据分析得到BrC_pri和BrC_sec的光谱依赖指数（AAE）及其相对黑碳（BC）的辐射强迫.结果显示,污染天时段370nm光学吸收（b_abs（370））和880nm光学吸收（b_abs（880））均值分别为（733±311） Mm^-1和（185±80） Mm^-1,分别高出清洁天约5.9倍和6.2倍.清洁天PM_2.5的AAE1.08~2.09,变化幅度大于污染天（1.28~1.79）.清洁天棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC））在370nm波长对总吸收占比高于污染天,均超过30%.一次棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC_pri））在清洁天和污染天均对b_abs（BrC）呈现高贡献,占比范围分别为76%~86%和82%~91%,说明一次排放仍然是造成西安冬季污染的重要原因.清洁天BrC、BrC_pri和BrC_sec的AAE均值分别为4.42、4.31和4.78,均高于污染天,说明清洁天粒子等效直径相对较小,老化程度较高导致BrC的高光谱依赖性.b_abs（BrC_sec）日间变化表明污染天凌晨高湿条件下的液相反应可能是BrC_sec形成的主要机制,比清洁天更为强烈,而污染天日间BrC_sec受光漂白的影响较大.最后估算了BrC_pri和BrC_sec的辐射强迫效应,在紫外波段（300~400nm）,污染天BrC_pri和BrC_sec相对BC的辐射强迫分别为62%和16%,而清洁天分别为59%和23%,表明BrC_pri和BrC_sec在西安冬季的辐射强迫效应不容忽视.     

生活垃圾分类实践效果、问题与对策分析:以湖州市织里镇为例

为探究城镇生活垃圾分类的实践现状和存在问题,以浙江省湖州市织里镇为例,采用实地调研的方式开展研究。自2019年7月以来,织里镇采取"二定四分"的收集模式(其中,"二定"指定时和定点,"四分"指可回收垃圾、有害垃圾、易腐垃圾和其他垃圾)。2020年,织里镇易腐垃圾收集量达到22219.98 t,相比2018年增加了67.5%;其他垃圾的收集量为116493.92 t,比2018年减少了22%。生活垃圾分类行为使得织里镇易腐垃圾与其他垃圾的收集量呈负相关,干湿分类效果显著。织里镇针对特色服装行业所产生的废旧布条采取"因地制宜"的垃圾管理模式,实现固体废物的"分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处置"。2020年分类收集废旧布条41100.07 t。然而在垃圾分类过程中发现干湿分离率不高、资源回收利用不足、有害垃圾的商业化运作有待提高等问题。结合当前现状,给出以下3点建议:1)提高公众垃圾干湿分类的责任意识;2)全面建立垃圾资源化标准体系;3)推行生产者责任制度,促进有害垃圾的商业化运作。     

Methane emission via sediment and water interface in the Bohai Sea, China

Sediment is recognized as the largest reservoir and source of methane (CH₄) in the ocean, especially in the shallow coastal areas. To date, few data of CH₄ concentration in sediment have been reported in the China shelf seas. In this study, we measured CH₄ concentration in sediment and overlying seawater columns, and conducted an incubation experiment in the Bohai Sea in May 2017. CH₄ concentration was found to be ranged from 3.075 to 1.795 μmol/L in sediment, which was 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that in overlying seawater columns. The surface sediment was an important source of CH₄, while bottom seawater acted as its sink. Furthermore, the net emission rate via sediment water interface (SWI) was calculated as 2.45 μmol/(m²∙day) based on the incubation experiment at station 73, and the earthquake may enhance CH₄ release from sediment to seawater column in the eastern Bohai Sea.     

Volatile organic compounds in wintertime North China Plain: Insights from measurements of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS)

The characteristics of wintertime volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the North China Plain (NCP) region are complicated and remain obscure. VOC measurements were conducted by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a rural site in the NCP from November to December 2018. Uncalibrated ions measured by PTR-ToF-MS were quantified and the overall VOC compositions were investigated by combining the measurements of PTR-ToF-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The measurement showed that although atmospheric VOCs concentrations are often dominated by primary emissions, the secondary formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) is non-negligible in the wintertime, i.e., OVOCs accounts for 42% ± 7% in the total VOCs (151.3 ± 75.6 ppbV). We demonstrated that PTR-MS measurements for isoprene are substantially overestimated due to the interferences of cycloalkanes. The chemical changes of organic carbon in a pollution accumulation period were investigated, which suggests an essential role of fragmentation reactions for large, chemically reduced compounds during the heavy-polluted stage in wintertime pollution. The changes of emission ratios of VOCs between winter 2011 and winter 2018 in the NCP support the positive effect of “coal to gas” strategies in curbing air pollutants. The high abundances of some key species (e.g. oxygenated aromatics) indicate the strong emissions of coal combustion in wintertime of NCP. The ratio of naphthalene to C8 aromatics was proposed as a potential indicator of the influence of coal combustion on VOCs.