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901.
J Molnar J Agbaba B Dalmacija S Rončević M Prica A Tubić 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(8):3079-3086
This study investigated the effects of pH (6-10) and ozone dose [0.4-3.0?mg O(3)/mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC)] on the content and structure of haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors in groundwater rich in natural organic matter (NOM; DOC 9.85?±?0.18?mg/L) during drinking water treatment. The raw water was ozonated in a 2 L glass column. NOM fractionation was carried out using XAD resins. HAA formation potential (HAAFP) was determined according to standard EPA Method 552. NOM characterization revealed it is mostly hydrophobic (65?% fulvic and 14?% humic acids). Hydrophobic NOM significantly influences HAA formation, as confirmed by the high HAAFP (309?±?15?μg/L). Ozonation at pH?6-10 led to changes in NOM structure, i.e. complete humic acid oxidation, and increased the hydrophilic NOM fraction content (65-90?% achieved using 3.0?mg O(3)/mg DOC). The highest degree of NOM oxidation and HAA precursor removal was achieved at pH?10 (up to 68?% HAAFP). Ozonation pH influenced the distribution of HAA precursor content, as increasing the pH from 6 to 10 increased the reactivity of the hydrophilic fraction, with the HAAFP increasing from 19.1?±?6.0?μg/mg DOC in raw water to 152?±?8?μg/mg DOC in ozonated water. The degree of HAA precursor removal depends on the dominant oxidation mechanism, which is related to the applied ozone dose and the pH of the oxidation process. Ozonation at pH?10 favours the mechanism of radical NOM oxidation and was the most effective for HAAFP reduction, with the efficacy of the process improving with increasing ozone dose. 相似文献
902.
Kristian H?yer Toft 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):223-237
Proponents of using genetically modified (GM) crops and food in the developing world often claim that it is unjust not to
use GMOs (genetically modified organisms) to alleviate hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. In reply, the critics
of GMOs claim that while GMOs may be useful as a technological means to increase yields and crop quality, stable and efficient
institutions are required in order to provide the benefits from GMO technology. In this debate, the GMO proponents tend to
rely on a simple utilitarian type of calculus that highlights the benefits of GMOs to the poor, but that overlooks the complex
institutional requirements necessary for GMO production. The critics, recognizing the importance of institutional conditions,
focus primarily on the negative impacts of institutional deficiencies, thereby overlooking the basically Rawlsian claim that
institutions per se may generate claims to justice. This article investigates how GMOs might generate claims to global justice and what type
of justice is involved. The paper argues that the debate on GMOs and global justice can be categorized into three views, i.e.,
the cosmopolitan, the pluralist, and the sceptic. The cosmopolitan holds that GMOs can and should be used for alleviating
global hunger, whereas the sceptic rejects this course of action. I will argue here for a moderately cosmopolitan approach,
relying on the pluralist view of institutions and the need to exploit the benefits of GMOs. This argument rests on the premise
that global cooperation on GMO production provides the relevant basis for assessing the use of GMOs by the standard of global
distributive justice. 相似文献
903.
In early 2009, few would have expected that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would come under such massive attack. The IPCC had enjoyed a pristine reputation and had even advanced to become a
role model for biodiversity and food security assessments (Loreau et al. 2006; Watson 2005). However, public trust and, with it, the organization’s credibility eroded dramatically after November 2009 with the events
that became known as ‘climategate’. This article seeks to contribute to current debates about how to reform the IPCC. It argues
that there are major flaws in the design of the IPCC which are rooted in the linear model of expertise and which are helping
to stoke the backlash against the IPCC. The article analyzes the ways in which the IPCC’s activities conform to the linear
model of expertise and considers the consequences of this for integrating adaptation into the IPCC assessments. It explains
why adaptation played only a marginal role up until the IPCC Third Assessment Report. It then demonstrates why the use of
the linear model of expertise constrains the scientific and political debate about adaptation and leads to proxy debates about scientific evidence, which result in depoliticizing the politics of adaptation and
politicizing science. Finally, the article calls for the debate to be opened up to accommodate alternatives that are both politically more feasible
and at the same time more appropriate to the specific needs of adaptation policies at different levels of decision-making. 相似文献
904.
Structuring sustainability science 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Anne Jerneck Lennart Olsson Barry Ness Stefan Anderberg Matthias Baier Eric Clark Thomas Hickler Alf Hornborg Annica Kronsell Eva L?vbrand Johannes Persson 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(1):69-82
It is urgent in science and society to address climate change and other sustainability challenges such as biodiversity loss, deforestation, depletion of marine fish stocks, global ill-health, land degradation, land use change and water scarcity. Sustainability science (SS) is an attempt to bridge the natural and social sciences for seeking creative solutions to these complex challenges. In this article, we propose a research agenda that advances the methodological and theoretical understanding of what SS can be, how it can be pursued and what it can contribute. The key focus is on knowledge structuring. For that purpose, we designed a generic research platform organised as a three-dimensional matrix comprising three components: core themes (scientific understanding, sustainability goals, sustainability pathways); cross-cutting critical and problem-solving approaches; and any combination of the sustainability challenges above. As an example, we insert four sustainability challenges into the matrix (biodiversity loss, climate change, land use changes, water scarcity). Based on the matrix with the four challenges, we discuss three issues for advancing theory and methodology in SS: how new synergies across natural and social sciences can be created; how integrated theories for understanding and responding to complex sustainability issues can be developed; and how theories and concepts in economics, gender studies, geography, political science and sociology can be applied in SS. The generic research platform serves to structure and create new knowledge in SS and is a tool for exploring any set of sustainability challenges. The combined critical and problem-solving approach is essential. 相似文献
905.
Arun?Rijal Carsten?Smith-HallEmail author Finn?Helles 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):121-140
Rural households throughout the Himalayas are regarded as dependent on non-timber forest products (NTFPs), but very few studies
have quantified this dependency. This case study, undertaken in two villages in the Central Himalayan foot hills in Nepal,
documents the absolute and relative importance of commercial NTFPs to rural household economies. Data were collected in a
one-year period and included interviews with 250 households using a semi-structured questionnaire and monthly interviews with
four sub-local NTFP traders, two local traders and two central wholesalers. The conservative estimate of NTFP-derived cash
income showed this to be a cornerstone in poorer household livelihood strategies and thus in poverty prevention. An annual
average of 578 kg of commercial NTFPs was collected in the wild per household, providing poorer households with a cash income
share of 44–78%. Better off households are not NTFP dependent but rely on income from crop production and livestock. Based
on a net marketing margin analysis, showing that harvesters capture a large share of the Indian wholesaler price, it is argued
that there is scope for pursuing NTFP-based strategies for poverty reduction through leasehold forestry and agroforestry.
Both these options are compatible with conserving forest cover and forest corridor functions and may thus present a win–win
scenario for livelihood improvement and conservation. 相似文献
906.
Ali?Mohammed?OumerEmail author Andreas?de Neergaard 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):547-564
The aim of this paper is to disclose livelihood strategy-poverty links and gain a better understanding by developing typologies
of rural households. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, we group households into different typologies and explore
interactions. We identified six main agronomic strategies, four dominant livelihood diversification strategies, and income
quartiles (proxies for poverty) using cluster and principal component factor analysis. We found that nearly 82% of the surveyed
farmers in the study area belong to the bottom income quartiles while about 18% are on the upper quartiles. Households in
the bottom income quartiles engaged in casual off-farm work and cereal-dominated livelihood strategies that tend to pursue
subsistence farming by growing cereals and oil crops. Contrarily, farmers in the upper income quartiles adapted intensive
agronomic strategies by integrating root crops, legumes, and vegetables with livestock. This was largely attributed to access
to key livelihood assets such as land, livestock, education, and institutional support in which the upper quartiles were more
endowed. Improving availability of the key assets for the bottom income quartiles might be a way out of poverty and ensuring
sustainable development. It is crucial to recognize local-level heterogeneities of rural households when targeting development
interventions. 相似文献
907.
Duc?Luong?NguyenEmail author Nowarat?Coowanitwong 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):565-585
Recognition has grown among policy-makers that early in the decision-making process, there is a need for an environmental
assessment of the effects of the policy, plan, and program (PPP) and their alternatives. Strategic environmental assessment
(SEA) is widely recognized as a supporting tool that systematically integrates environmental aspects into strategic decision-making
processes, thereby contributing to sustainable development. In this study, SEA was applied for an integrated assessment of
environmental, social, and economic impacts of a wide range of scenarios for transport-related air quality policies to help
decision-makers in identifying the most sustainable scenario with the purpose of reducing carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations
from transport emissions in Hanoi City, Vietnam. In conducting SEA process, the urban air dispersion model MUAIR was used
as a quantitative tool in prediction of CO concentrations. To evaluate the predicted impacts of scenarios, the SEA objectives
concerning sustainability and the corresponding sustainable indicators were identified. Based on the likely significant predicted
impacts on landscape, biodiversity, and health benefits, mitigation measures were proposed. These included planning in infrastructure
development and implementation of public education campaign. The results of predicted and evaluated impacts of scenarios as
well as proposed mitigation measures were taken into account for supporting sound decision-making that is consistent with
the principles of sustainable development. Considering sustainable impacts of the scenarios, the SEA result clearly indicates
that a combination of policy for public transport development and policy for installation of oxidation catalytic converter
for motorcycles is the most sustainable scenario for reducing CO concentrations from transport emissions. 相似文献
908.
The scientific field of impact assessment encompasses various ‘traditions’, each reflecting a set of particular policy objectives.
This paper analyses two types of impact assessment. Regulatory impact analysis focuses on better regulation and competitiveness,
while sustainability assessment fosters a holistic approach centred on the values of sustainable development. Through an analysis
of the political discourses at the level of the European Union and at the sub-national level of the Flemish Region of Belgium,
elements of convergence between the better regulation and sustainable development discourse are identified. The paper analyses
how integrated impact assessment can be an integrative tool that allows to merge both discourses and to implement them in
day-to-day decision-making. The potential of the existing Flemish regulatory impact analysis framework to be the starting
point of an integrated assessment scheme for sustainable development is advocated and motivated. 相似文献
909.
Raud M Tutt M Jõgi E Kikas T 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):3039-3045
Introduction
Two semi-specific microbial biosensors were constructed for the analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in high-cellulose-content pulp and paper industry wastewaters. The biosensors were based on living cells of Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus sp. immobilized in an agarose gel matrix. Semi-specific microorganisms were isolated from various samples (decaying sawdust and rabbit manure) and were chosen based on their ability to assimilate cellulose.Materials &; methods
The biosensors were calibrated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development synthetic wastewater, and measurements with different wastewaters were conducted.Results
The response time of biosensors using the steady-state method was 20?C25 min, and the service life of immobilized microorganisms was 96 days. Detection limit was 5 mg/l of BOD7 while linear ranges extended up to 55 and 50 mg/l of the BOD7 for B. subtilis- and Paenibacillus sp.-based biosensors, respectively. Repeatability and reproducibility of both biosensors were within the limits set by APHA??less than 15.4%. In comparison, both biosensors overestimated the BOD7 values in paper mill wastewaters and underestimated the BOD7 in aspen pulp mill wastewater.Conclusions
The semi-specific biosensors are suitable for the estimation of organic pollution derived from cellulose, while the detection of pollution derived from tannins and lignins was minor. Better results in terms of accuracy and repeatability were gained with Paenibacillus sp. biosensor. 相似文献910.
H Segner M Wenger AM Möller B Köllner A Casanova-Nakayama 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2465-2476
Numerous environmental chemicals, both long-known toxicants such as persistent organic pollutants as well as emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, are known to modulate immune parameters of wildlife species, what can have adverse consequences for the fitness of individuals including their capability to resist pathogen infections. Despite frequent field observations of impaired immunocompetence and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, the potential relevance of immunotoxic effects for the ecological impact of chemicals is rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. A limiting factor in the assessment of immunotoxic effects might be the complexity of the immune system what makes it difficult (1) to select appropriate exposure and effect parameters out of the many immune parameters which could be measured, and (2) to evaluate the significance of the selected parameters for the overall fitness and immunocompetence of the organism. Here, we present - on the example of teleost fishes - a brief discussion of how to assess chemical impact on the immune system using parameters at different levels of complexity and integration: immune mediators, humoral immune effectors, cellular immune defenses, macroscopical and microscopical responses of lymphoid tissues and organs, and host resistance to pathogens. Importantly, adverse effects of chemicals on immunocompetence may be detectable only after immune system activation, e.g., after pathogen challenge, but not in the resting immune system of non-infected fish. Current limitations to further development and implementation of immunotoxicity assays and parameters in ecotoxicological risk assessment are not primarily due to technological constraints, but are related from insufficient knowledge of (1) possible modes of action in the immune system, (2) the importance of intra- and inter-species immune system variability for the response against chemical stressors, and (3) deficits in conceptual and mechanistic assessment of combination effects of chemicals and pathogens. 相似文献