阿塞拜疆的环境现状及展望

本文主要介绍了在前苏联的影响下阿塞拜疆的环境现状以及自独立以来阿塞拜疆在环境方面所采取的措施.阿塞拜疆的各个环境项目主要由国际组织和外国公司出资.最严重的问题包括里海里的污染物、苏姆盖特(Sumgait)的空气、水体和土壤污染、非法捕鱼、饮用水水质低劣、滥伐森林用于燃料和放牧、过度放牧、土壤侵蚀和盐碱化.提高环境意识对于可持续的环境保护来说是必须的,而要做到这一点,主要依赖于环境教育、民主制度和观念的健全以及发展经济.前几个因素有助于提高政府和市民对环境的责任感,发展经济可以产生大量的中产阶级.积极的进展包括宪法和法律提出要保护环境,部分个人大声疾呼要爱护环境消极因素包括贫穷以及现政府对环境保护的重视不足.     

广西会仙岩溶湿地典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估

为确定会仙岩溶湿地不同介质中抗生素的污染特征及来源,利用液相色谱串联质谱联用仪分析了磺胺类(SAs)、氟喹诺酮类(FQs)和四环素类(TCs)三大类20种抗生素的含量.结果表明,研究区内水土介质监测的抗生素中共检出12种,检出浓度范围为n.d～106 ng·L~(-1),其中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)的浓度最高.各环境介质中,以养殖用水和地表河水中检出的抗生素种类相对较多,分别为10种和8种,溶潭水和土壤中则检出的抗生素种类较少.因子分析结果显示,会仙湿地水体中的典型抗生素来源可归为两类,一类以受外源污染为主,从而导致地表河水中磺胺氯达嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)检出浓度较高,一类受湿地内养殖污染,从而造成水土介质中磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMD)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)和金霉素(CTC)检出.水体中检出的抗生素主要受溶解氧(DO)影响,此外,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和强力霉素(DOX)与NH~+_4存在一定的协同污染关系.风险评估结果表明,恩诺沙星(ENR)处于高风险的范围内,磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL)处于中等风险,中等风险的抗生素主要集中在地表河水中,高风险抗生素则在养殖用水中.整体来看,研究区水体中抗生素存在一定的风险.因此,针对这一现象应减少存在生态风险抗生素的使用,并对有潜在风险的抗生素加以防范.     

废液中CODcr的治理与利用

研究了废液中CODCr的治理与利用.废液处理工艺流程简单,实用,回收了其中的金属,并根据需要将它们制备成相应的化学试剂,用于研究.实验结果令人满意.     

Perceptions of Risk Associated with Use of Farm Chemicals: Implications for Conservation Initiatives

/ Data were collected from 245 farmers within the Darby Creek hydrologic unit in central Ohio to assess perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals. Farmers were asked to evaluate the level of risk associated with use of agricultural chemicals for water quality, food safety, food quality, health of applicator, health of farm animals, wildlife, beneficial plants, beneficial insects, and human health. Study findings revealed that respondents perceived use of farm chemicals posed little or no threat to any of the assessed items. A composite index was formulated from the responses to the nine items and was titled Perceived Risk. Variance in the Perceived Risk index was regressed against social learning variables. The findings revealed that approximately 32% of the variance was explained by the predictive variables included in the model. It was concluded that the theoretical perspective was somewhat useful for understanding perceptions held about agricultural chemical use at the farm level. The findings are discussed in the context of future conservation and educational-information programs within the study region.KEY WORDS: Risk perception; Risk assessment; Groundwater; Pesticide contamination; Food safety; Environmental quality     

中国省会城市紧凑度与城镇化水平关系

紧凑型城市建设作为新时期有效避免城市无序蔓延发展、提升城市发展质量和实现土地资源高效利用的新途径,探明城市紧凑度与城镇化的关系对实现城市可持续发展至关重要。基于此,以中国30个省会城市和直辖市为研究对象,综合运用熵值法和容量耦合系数模型测度省会城市紧凑度和城镇化的综合水平,并分析了二者的耦合协调关系。结果发现:（1）2006-2016年间中国省会城市紧凑度东、中、西部地区依次递减,东部省会城市水平最高,整体紧凑度随时间呈增长趋势;（2）高低紧凑度城市逐渐减少,中低紧凑度城市逐渐成为主体;（3）我国大多数省会城市紧凑度与城镇化关系整体以濒临协调为主,总体由失调状态向协调状态演变。     

典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.     

博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年生态健康状况评价

为支撑博斯腾湖未来保护工作,需认知博斯腾湖近20年的生态健康状况,在对博斯腾湖大湖湖区水质状况调查基础上,适当选取系统评价指标,以1991年水质指标为本底值,运用熵权法建立湖泊生态健康评价模型,计算生态系统健康综合指数,并对博斯腾湖大湖湖区近20年来的健康状况进行评价.结果表明,1997、1998及2005年的水体综合状况略好于其他年份,属较好水平;而1992、1993、2003及2008年的水体综合状况则低于其他年份,属较差水平.     

USE OF SOIL AND WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES AMONG FARMERS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Data were collected in the fall of 1998 and the winter of 1999 from 1,011 land owner‐operators within three watersheds in the North Central Region of the United States to assess adoption of soil and water protection practices. Farm owner‐operators were asked to indicate how frequently they used 18 different agricultural production practices. Many farmers within the three watersheds had adopted conservation protection practices. However, they also employed production practices that could negate many of the environmental benefits associated with conservation practices in use. Comparison of adoption behaviors used in the three watersheds revealed significant differences among the study groups. Respondents in the Iowa and Ohio watersheds reported greater use of conservation production systems than did farmers in Minnesota. However, there were no significant differences between Ohio and Iowa farmers in terms of use of conservation production practices. This was surprising, since farmers in the Ohio watershed had received massive amounts of public and private investments to motivate them to adopt and to continue using conservation production systems. These findings bring into serious question the use of traditional voluntary conservation programs such as those employed in the Ohio watershed. Study findings suggest that new policy approaches should be considered. It is argued that “whole farm planning” should be a significant component of new agricultural conservation policy.     

西安市机动车污染物排放清单与空间分布特征

基于机动车排放因子(MOVES)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)技术,建立了西安市2017年分辨率为1km×1km的机动车污染物排放清单。结果显示:2017年西安市机动车污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x(NO+NO_2)、NO、NO_2、N_2O和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的年排放总量分别为126.1×10~4、138.2×10~4、2 884.2×10~4、2 577.8×10~4、306.4×10~4、27.9×10~4、1 281.2×10~4 kg;柴油车是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_x排放的主要来源,贡献率分别为80.2%、79.5%和75.8%;VOCs和N_2O则主要来自汽油车,贡献率分别为74.2%、89.7%;总体看来,研究区域内不同污染物的空间分布规律相似,这与西安市公路分布有关,PM_(2.5)和NO_x的排放主要集中在主城区及周边县区的高速路和国道,而VOCs的排放主要集中在主城区二环及环内。