Integrated water resources management (IWRM) assumes coherence between cognate aspects of water governance at the river basin scale, for example water quality, energy production and agriculture objectives. But critics argue that IWRM is often less ‘integrated’ in practice, raising concerns over inter-sectoral coherence between implementing institutions. One increasingly significant aspect of IWRM is adaptation to climate change-related risks, including threats from flooding, which are particularly salient in England. Although multiple institutional mechanisms exist for flood risk management (FRM), their coherence remains a critical question for national adaptation. This paper therefore (1) maps the multi-level institutional frameworks determining both IWRM and FRM in England; (2) examines their interaction via various inter-institutional coordinating mechanisms; and (3) assesses the degree of coherence. The analysis suggests that cognate EU strategic objectives for flood risk assessment demonstrate relatively high vertical and horizontal coherence with river basin planning. However, there is less coherence with flood risk requirements for land-use planning and national flood protection objectives. Overall, this complex governance arrangement actually demonstrates de-coherence over time due to ongoing institutional fragmentation. Recommendations for increasing IWRM coherence in England or re-coherence based on greater spatial planning and coordination of water-use and land-use strategies are proposed.
At the waste handling company NSR, Helsingborg, Sweden, the food waste fraction of source separated municipal solid waste is pretreated to obtain a liquid fraction, which is used for biogas production, and a dry fraction, which is at present incinerated. This pretreatment and separation is performed to remove impurities, however also some of the organic material is removed. The possibility of realising the methane potential of the dry fraction through batch-wise dry anaerobic digestion was investigated. The anaerobic digestion technique used was a two-stage process consisting of a static leach bed reactor and a methane reactor. Treatment of the dry fraction alone and in a mixture with structural material was tested to investigate the effect on the porosity of the leach bed. A tracer experiment was carried out to investigate the liquid flow through the leach beds, and this method proved useful in demonstrating a more homogenous flow through the leach bed when structural material was added. Addition of structural material to the dry fraction was needed to achieve a functional digestion process. A methane yield of 98 m3/ton was obtained from the dry fraction mixed with structural material after 76 days of digestion. This was in the same range as obtained in the laboratory scale biochemical methane potential test, showing that it was possible to extract the organic content in the dry fraction in this type of dry digestion system for the production of methane. 相似文献
To report uptake of genetic counseling (GC) and prenatal genetic testing after the finding of atypical genitalia on prenatal ultrasound (US) and the clinical and genetic findings of these pregnancies.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study (2017–2019) of atypical fetal genitalia in a large expert center for disorders/differences of sex development. We describe counseling aspects, invasive prenatal testing, genetic and clinical outcome of fetuses apparently without [group 1, n = 22 (38%)] or with [group 2, n = 36 (62%)] additional anomalies on US.
Results
In group 1, 86% of parents opted for GC versus 72% in group 2, and respectively 58% and 15% of these parents refrained from invasive testing. Atypical genitalia were postnatally confirmed in 91% (group 1) and 64% (group 2), indicating a high rate of false positive US diagnosis of ambiguous genitalia. Four genetic diagnoses were established in group 1 (18%) and 10 in group 2 (28%). The total genetic diagnostic yield was 24%. No terminations of pregnancy occurred in group 1.
Conclusions
For optimal care, referral for an expert fetal US scan, GC and invasive diagnostics including broad testing should be offered after prenatal detection of isolated atypical genitalia. 相似文献
Reproductive carrier screening started in some countries in the 1970s for hemoglobinopathies and Tay-Sachs disease. Cystic fibrosis carrier screening became possible in the late 1980s and with technical advances, screening of an ever increasing number of genes has become possible. The goal of carrier screening is to inform people about their risk of having children with autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive disorders, to allow for informed decision making about reproductive options. The consequence may be a decrease in the birth prevalence of these conditions, which has occurred in several countries for some conditions. Different programs target different groups (high school, premarital, couples before conception, couples attending fertility clinics, and pregnant women) as does the governance structure (public health initiative and user pays). Ancestry-based offers of screening are being replaced by expanded carrier screening panels with multiple genes that is independent of ancestry. This review describes screening in Australia, Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It provides an insight into the enormous variability in how reproductive carrier screening is offered across the globe. This largely relates to geographical variation in carrier frequencies of genetic conditions and local health care, financial, cultural, and religious factors. 相似文献
The amount of non-extractable residues (NER) of organic xenobiotics in the soil can considerably exceed the amount of extractable residues which are accessible to normal residue analysis. The NER therefore present a burden to the soil, the toxicological and ecotoxicological potential of which is largely unknown. For the characterization of bound residues and their binding type, special solubilization methods such as supercritical fluid extraction are applied and experiments with radiolabeled model polymers are performed. Mineralization experiments with [14C] labeled xenobiotics in natural soil show that a total degradation is still also possible in the environment when in a bound form. Ecotoxicological effects of non-extractable residues may be recorded when their concentration is high, when the parent compound exhibits a high ecotoxicity and the applied detection method is sufficiently sensitive. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Even though reducing waste is at the top of the waste hierarchy, no real decoupling between waste generation and consumption has been demonstrated.... 相似文献
Abstract Enantiomers and racemic mixtures of selected benzilic esters using resolved and raceme permethrinic or chrysanthemic acids of high purity were synthesised via improved methods based on conventional steps. Nine basic structures of selected derivatives having hydrogen, bromo or phenoxy group at meta position were prepared including the well known insecticides of phenothrin, permethrin and cypermethrin. The optical purity of these compounds were determined via an NMR method applying chiral shift reagents. The configuration of the isomers of new a‐cyano‐benzyl esters were assigned via a rule realized by comparing the characteristic 1H NMR shifts of the dimethyl groups attached to the cyclopropane ring. 相似文献
The synthesis of certain 14C-labelled polychlorinated alkanes is described. The compounds used as starting material were [1-14C]lauric acid, [1-14C]hexadecane and [U-14C]palmitic acid. The carboxylic acids were reduced with lithium aluminium hydride. The alcohol obtained was treated with triphenylphosphine dichloride which gave the corresponding 1-chloroalkane. The chlorination of the alkanes was performed in tetrachloromethane by use of sulphuryl chloride with benzoyl peroxide or UV-light as initiators. Three mixtures of polychlorinated dodecanes (45.9%, 55.9% and 68.5% chlorine) and two polychlorinated hexadecanes (34.1% and 69% chlorine) were synthesized. The products of higher chlorine content prepared were only available via the photoinduced chlorination. 相似文献