污泥水解蛋白液对食用菌生长的影响研究

将污泥(食品工厂污泥)经过酸碱水解制备水解蛋白液(肽类和氨基酸复合物,属于微生物蛋白)、并与豆粕(植物蛋白)、屠宰厂动物羽毛(动物蛋白)水解蛋白液、以及常规食用菌氮源麸皮、大米制糖厂米渣作为平菇栽培氮源或营养添加剂,测试对平菇的菌丝生长、产量和生物转化率的影响。结果表明,几种水解蛋白液对平菇的菌丝生长、产量、生物转化率影响明显,污泥水解蛋白液对菌丝的生长效果最好,其余2种水解蛋白液也有促进作用。添加污泥水解蛋白液最高产量可达806 g/袋,添加豆粕水解蛋白液的最高产量为532 g/袋,添加屠宰厂动物羽毛水解蛋白液的产最高量为525 g/袋;对照为480 g/袋(常规棉籽壳)。生物转化率分别为161.2%、106.4%和105.0%,而对照生物转化率为96%;增产率分别为67.92%、10.83%和9.38%。因此,污泥、豆粕、屠宰厂动物羽毛蛋白水解液可提高平菇产量,该研究也为污泥资源化利用建立了基础。     

Detection of tritium sorption on four soil materials

In order to measure groundwater age and design nuclear waste disposal sites, it is important to understand the sorption behavior of tritium on soils. In this study, batch tests were carried out using four soils from China: silty clays from An County and Jiangyou County in Sichuan Province, both of which could be considered candidate sites for Very Low Level Waste disposal; silty sand from Beijing; and loess from Yuci County in Shanxi Province, a typical Chinese loess region. The experimental results indicated that in these soil media, the distribution coefficient of tritium is slightly influenced by adsorption time, water/solid ratio, initial tritium specific activity, pH, and the content of humic and fulvic acids. The average distribution coefficient from all of these influencing factors was about 0.1-0.2 mL/g for the four types of soil samples. This relatively modest sorption of tritium in soils needs to be considered in fate and transport studies of tritium in the environment.     

公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护研究

首先根据大量现场调查资料,归纳出了黄土路堑高边坡的8类地质结构模型和坡面破坏类型;再根据公路工程地质分区,并结合边坡地质结构模型,提出了黄土地区公路路堑高边坡植物防护的基本原则;最后,在保证边坡整体稳定的合理坡型的基础上,提出了公路黄土路堑高边坡植物防护技术方案。     

土壤对铜和镉的静态吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验研究了德兴矿区大坞河下游下沽口土壤对铜和镉的吸附特点并采用Freundlich等温吸附方程进行拟合,探讨了pH值变化对铜和镉在土壤样品中分配系数的影响。结果表明：土壤铜和镉的吸附特性均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,得到的金属铜和镉的Kf值分别为354．08、34．132;随着pH值的升高,铜和镉在土壤中的分配系数逐步增大,随后降低,pH值与分配系数关系曲线为单峰曲线。     

壳聚糖/CTAB复合改性膨润土对活性红X-3B的吸附

以壳聚糖和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为改性剂,制备了复合改性膨润土,并利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行表征,研究了该改性膨润土对活性红X-3B的吸附效果.结果表明:壳聚糖能插入CTAB改性膨润土层间;当复合改性膨润土投加量为5 g·L~(-1),pH为3时,其对活性红X-3B的去除率可达99.15%;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程;吸附行为适于用Langmuir吸附等温方程描述.由吸附热力学方程计算得到,吸附焓变ΔH0,吸附自由能变ΔG0,吸附熵变ΔS0,表明吸附为放热和熵减少的自发过程.复合改性膨润土稳定性受搅拌时间和温度的影响不明显,pH较低(pH3)时稳定性会降低.通过Zeta电位分析认为,静电作用为吸附的主要机理.经过6次吸附/再生后,改性膨润土对活性红X-3B的去除率仍在60%以上,表明复合改性膨润土具有较好的重复利用性.研究表明,该复合改性膨润土是一种对水体中活性红X-3B具有良好吸附能力的吸附剂.     

Transboundary hazardous waste management. Part I: Waste management policy of importing countries.

Mixed metal-containing waste, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors, printed circuit boards, steel mill dust and metal sludge were among the most common wastes exported from Taiwan. Before the implementation of the self-monitoring model programme of the Basel Convention (secretariat of the Basel Convention 2001) in the Asia region, Taiwan conducted a comprehensive 4-year follow-up project involving government authorities and the waste disposal facilities of the importing countries. A total of five countries and nine plants were visited in 2001-2002. The following outcomes can be drawn from these investigations. The Chinese government adopts the strategies of 'on-site processing' and 'relative centralization' on the waste management by tightening permitting and increasing site inspection. A three-level reviewing system is adopted for the import application. The United States have not signed the Basel Convention yet; the procedures of hazardous waste import rely on bilateral agreements. Importers are not required to provide official notification from the waste exporting countries. The operation, administration, monitoring and licensing of waste treatment plants are governed by the state environmental bureau. Finland, France and Belgium are members of the European Union. The procedures and policies of waste import are similar. All of the documents associated with transboundary movement require the approval of each government involved. Practically, the notification forms and tracking forms effectively manage the waste movement.     

贵州晚二叠世煤中硫同位素的组成特征

报道了贵州主要开采矿山晚二叠世煤中不同形态硫的同位素组成特征。形成于海水影响较小环境中的煤以低的硫含量 ,偏正的δ34S值为特点 ;形成于海相或受海水影响较大的环境中的煤 ,则具有高的硫含量和偏负的δ34S值 ;在高硫含量的煤中 ,有机硫和无机硫具有弱的相关性 ,可能它们具有一致的来源 ;煤中有机硫的同位素组成对成煤环境是灵敏的 ,可作为成煤环境划分指标 ,根据有机硫含量和同位素组成 ,可分出海水对煤层的影响程度。     

原煤燃烧前脱硫技术的研究进展

当前，随着环境保护意识的提高，人们对环境污染问题的处理日渐重视，特别是对化石燃料利用过程中导致的污染问题的处理和防治更是受到世界范围的关注。本文介绍了近年来在原煤燃烧前脱硫研究的一些新进展，重点介绍了高能辐射脱硫和生物脱硫及其反应机制。     

成都市郊区域农田中土壤镉形态研究

农田土壤是镉生态循环的重要介质，所含镉对人体健康的危害不可忽视。镉在土壤中以多种形态存在．可划分为水溶态、离子交换态，碳酸盐结合态、Fe及Mn氧化物结合态，有机结合态、残留态。不同存在形态镉的生物有效性各不相同，因而对环境和人体健康造成的影响也存在差异。水溶态镉，离子交换态镉具有很高的生物有效性。碳酸盐结合态镉在弱酸性条件下生物有效性较高，Fe及Mn氧化物结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉生物有效性很低。本研究采用连续提取法和原子吸收法对成都市某郊区基本农田的35份土壤样品中各形态镉进行了提取和测定。结果表明。成都市某郊区农田土壤的镉污染状况较为严重，37．14％的土壤含高生物有效性的水溶态镉或离子交换态镉。土壤中水溶态镉、离子交换态镉的存在与环境污染有密切联系。Fe及Mn氧化物结合态镉，有机结合态镉、残留态镉的存在受耕作因素和成土母质影响较大。